Bio. 1650, The Unity of Life Unit 2

Hydrophobic

“Water-fearing”; non-polar molecules do not have intermolecular interactions with water

Hydrophilic

“Water-loving”; polar or ionic molecules easily from intermolecular forces with water

Phospholipid bilayer could form spontaneously

hydrophobic tails will move together to get away from water and the hydrophilic heads will move towards the water and of hydrogen bonds with the water thus creating a bilayer

Energy storage molecules forming large clusters inside a cell without a membrane-bound

Hydrophobic molecules will cluster together to avoid being around water, creating large groupings

Cohesion

The attraction of identical molecules for one another

Adhesion

The attraction of different moleclues

Surface Tension

Cohesion between water molecules is the force that generates surface tension

Xylem

The tissue in which water and minerals are transported from the roots to the leaves

Stomata

The structure of a plant that transpiration occurs

Transpiration

The evaporation of water from plant leaves and steams, driven by heat from the sun, and providing the motive force to raise water from the roots through the xylem. Does not require ATP

Transpiration-Cohesion-Tension Theory

Transpiration causes evaporation from mesophyll cell walls, generating tension on the xylem. Cohesion among water molecules in the xylem transmits the tension from the leaf to the root.

What do plants do to prevent the loss of too much water from their leaves

It closes the stomata and stops photosynthesis

Dissolve

The process of a molecule or atom/ion coming incorporated into liquid, such that the chemical is now “mixed” with the liquid and will not go back to its previous “undissolved” state

Solvent

A chemical that can dissolve a solute

Solute

A molecule or ion that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.

Solution

The mixture of a solute dissolves into a solvent

Soluble (Solubility)

The ability of a molecule or ion to be solute and dissolve in a given solvent

Hydrogen Ion

Also called a proton, because a hydrogen atom consist of one proton and one electron, when the electron is removed, all that is left is a proton

HCI → H+ and Cl-

Adding HCI will increase the amount of H+ ions in solution.

HaOH → NA+ and OH-

OH- can interact with H+ to create H2O

Acid

A chemical that increases the amount of H+ ions in a solution and decreases the pH level

Base

A chemical that decrease the amount of H+ cons in a solution and raises the pH value

Homeostasis

The ability to use buffers to regulate or maintain a ~constant pH despite changes in surrounding pH

Chemical bonds

They can be considered a form of energy

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another; the total amount of energy in a closed system is conserve (stays constant)

Second Law of Thermodynamics

When there is a transfer of energy, entropy increases in a closed system, meaning that energy becomes more disordered.

Concentrated

low entropy

Equilibrium

highest entropy

Active energy

requires an input of ATP energy to occur, transport reverses or decreases entropy and creates more order

Passive energy

doesn’t require ATP energy to occur, transport increases entropy of the molecules

Activation energy

the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction.

Reaction rate

the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs, often influenced by factors such as temperature, concentration, and catalysts.

Ligand

a molecule or ion that binds to another molecule; highly specific causes a change in the shape of a protein thus altering a proteins function