APUSH Henretta 8th Edition Chapter 6

Battle of Long Island (1776)

First major engagement of the new Continental army, defending against 32,000 British troops outside of New York City.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

A multistage battle in New York ending with the surrender of British general John Burgoyne. The victory ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won a military alliance with France.

Valley Forge

a military camp in which George Washington's army of 12,000 soldiers and hundreds of camp followers suffered horribly in the winter of 1777-1778.

Philipsburg Proclamation

A 1779 proclamation that declared that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

A battle in which French and American troops and a French fleet trapped the British army under the command of General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. The Franco-American victory broke the resolve of the British government.

Currency Tax-

A hidden tax on the farmers and artisans who accepted Continental bills in payment for supplies and on the thousands of soldiers who took them as pay. Because of rampant inflation, Continental currency lost much of its value during the war; thus, the implicit tax on those who accepted it as payment.

Treaty of Paris of 1783-

The treaty that ended the Revolutionary War. In the treaty, Great Britain formally recognized American independence and relinquished its claims to lands south of the Great Lakes east of the Mississippi River.

Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776

A constitution that granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office and created a unicameral (one-house) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto. Other provisions mandated a system of elementary education and protected citizens from imprisonment for debt.

Mixed Government

John Adams's theory from Thoughts on Government (1776), which called for three branches of government, each representing one function: executive, legislative, and judicial. This system of dispersed authority was devised to maintain a balance of power and ensure the legitimacy of governmental procedures.

Articles of Confederation

The written document defining the structure of the government from 1781 to 1788, under which the Union was a confederation of equal states, with no executive and limited powers, existing mainly to foster a common defense.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A land act that provided for orderly settlement and established a process by which settled territories would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It also banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Shay's Rebellion

A 1786-1787 uprising led by dissident farmers in western Massachusetts, many of them Revolutionary War veterans, protesting the taxation policies of the eastern elites who controlled the state's government.

Virginia Plan

A plan drafted by James Madison that was presented at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention. It designed a powerful three-branch government, with the representation in both houses of the government, with representation in both houses of the congress tied to population; this plan would have eclipsed the voice of small states in the national government.

New Jersey Plan

Alternative to the Virginia plan drafted by delegates from small states, retaining the confederation's single-house congress with one vote per state. It shared with the Virginia Plan enhanced congressional powers to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states.

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution of 1787, which created a strong central government; their opponents, the Antifederalists, feared that a strong central government would corrupt the nation's newly won liberty

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution. Antifederalists feared that a powerful and distant central government would be out of touch with the needs of citizens. They also complained that it failed to guarantee individual liberties in a bill of rights.

Federalist No. 10-

An essay by James Madison in The Federalist (1787-1788) that challenged the view that republican government only worked in small polities; it argued that a geographically expansive national government would better protect republican liberty.

General George Washington

commanded the new continental army;

General William Howe

ordered by Lord North to capture New York City; won the Battle of Long Island

General Horatio Gates

felled huge trees in Burgoyne's path slowing him tremendously; later swarmed Burgoyne and forced his surrender

Baron von Steuben

former Prussian officer who joined the American cause and trained many of the soldiers

Judith Sargent Murray

argued that men and women has equal capacities for memory and that women had superior imaginations; led to the right for girls to have equal schooling rights

James Madison

insisted on increased national security; came up with the Virginia Plan