Unit 3: DNA (Molecular Biology)

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Nucleotide

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Monomer of nucleic acids which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

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DNA

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A molecule in double helix shaped, composed of two strands of nucleotides. A goes with T, and C goes with G

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18 Terms

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Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

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DNA

A molecule in double helix shaped, composed of two strands of nucleotides. A goes with T, and C goes with G

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Transcription

Occurs in nucleus

  1. RNA polymerase unravels DNA, and reads the template strand from the TATA box (3’) to terminator region(5’),

    • DNA template strand into a complimentary strand of RNA → A with U

  2. Spiceosome ill them remove INTRONS and keeps EXONS in the mRNA strand

  3. Finally 5’ cap is added to 5’ end and a poly-A tail to the 3’ end, for protection of exonuclease

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Translation

  1. Initiation

    • Ribosome binds to the mRNA (5’→3)

    • Ribosome reads mRNA in groups of 3

    • Matching tRNA binds to the start of codon at the A site, bringing a anti-codon

  2. Elongation

    • Codon in A site moves to P site, and is attached to tRNA

    • Then moves to E site ith its tRNA, but the amino acid is left at the E site

    • The steps repeat and start build a polypeptide chain

  3. Termination

    • Ribosome will reach a stop codon and let go

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Differentiated cells

Cell that has potential to become a cell in need

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Methylated DNA

Tightly packed DNA and is prevented from binding to mRNA, meaning cell produces less proteins

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Acetylated DNA

Uncoiled DNA which allows binding to mRNA, meaning cell produces more proteins

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Transcription Factors

Helps RNA polymerase attach or detach to mRNA

  • Controls how much or how little a protein gets expressed

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Base substitution

A single nucleotide gets replaced with another

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Insertion

Nucleotide is added into DNA

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Deletion

Nucleotide is deleted from DNA

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Silent

Though the codon changed, it still codes for the same amino acid

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Nonsense

Changes the codon into a stop codon, leading for the mRNA to stop early

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Missense

Codon changes to code another amino acid

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Hydrogen bonds

Formed between different nucleotide bases

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Covalent bonds

Covalent bonds in DNA connect the sugar to the phosphate

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Adenine and Thymine

2 hydrogen bonds

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Guanine and Cytosine

3 hydrogen bonds