[M12] Digestive System

[M12] mastication

chewing

[M12] deglutition

swallowing

[M12] digestion

breaking food down into substances the body can absorb

[M12] absorption

movement of nutrients from the intestines into the blood or lymph

[M12] elimination

removal of solid waste from the body

[M12] peristalsis

wavelike muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

[M12] chyme

semiliquid mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices

[M12] epiglottis

leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing

[M12] gingiva

gums; tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth

[M12] palate

roof of the mouth

[M12] papillae

small rough elevations on the tongue that contain taste buds

[M12] salivary glands

glands that produce saliva and begin carbohydrate digestion

[M12] uvula

small tissue hanging from the soft palate that helps with speech

[M12] canine

fang-shaped tooth used to grasp and tear food

[M12] incisor

front tooth used to cut or slice food

[M12] molar

large back tooth used to crush and grind food

[M12] premolar

tooth between the canine and molars used to crush and grind food

[M12] lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

muscle between the esophagus and stomach that prevents stomach contents from flowing backward

[M12] pharynx

throat; passageway for both food and air

[M12] pyloric sphincter

muscle between the stomach and duodenum that controls movement into the small intestine

[M12] duodenum

first part of the small intestine; receives digestive enzymes and bile

[M12] jejunum

middle part of the small intestine where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur

[M12] ileum

last part of the small intestine; absorbs vitamin B12 and reabsorbs bile salts

[M12] ileocecal sphincter

muscle between the ileum and cecum that controls movement into the colon

[M12] peritoneum

membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding abdominal organs

[M12] gallbladder

organ that stores and concentrates bile

[M12] pancreas

organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin and glucagon

[M12] cecum

first part of the large intestine

[M12] ascending colon

part of the colon that travels upward from the cecum

[M12] transverse colon

part of the colon that travels across the upper abdomen

[M12] descending colon

part of the colon that travels downward and reabsorbs water and electrolytes

[M12] sigmoid colon

part of the large intestine between the descending colon and rectum

[M12] rectum

last part of the large intestine that stores feces

[M12] dental caries

tooth decay or cavities

[M12] dental plaque

sticky bacterial substance that forms on teeth

[M12] gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

[M12] malocclusion

abnormal alignment of the upper and lower teeth

[M12] periodontitis

inflammation of tissues supporting the teeth; advanced gum disease

[M12] pulpitis

inflammation of the tooth pulp

[M12] sialolith

stone in a salivary duct

[M12] bruxism

clenching or grinding the teeth

[M12] thrush

fungal infection of the mouth caused by Candida

[M12] achalasia

decreased movement of the esophagus with tightening of the lower esophageal sphincter

[M12] esophagitis

inflammation of the esophagus

[M12] gastritis

inflammation of the stomach lining

[M12] gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

chronic backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus

[M12] Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

bacteria that can cause gastritis and peptic ulcers

[M12] hiatal hernia

protrusion of the upper stomach through the diaphragm

[M12] pyloric stenosis

narrowing or obstruction of the opening from the stomach to the duodenum

[M12] cholangitis

inflammation of the bile ducts

[M12] cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

[M12] cholelithiasis

gallstones

[M12] cirrhosis

chronic liver damage with scarring

[M12] hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

[M12] pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

[M12] celiac disease

damage to the small intestine caused by inability to tolerate gluten

[M12] fistula

abnormal passageway between organs or from an organ to the body surface

[M12] gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

[M12] inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

chronic autoimmune inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract

[M12] intussusception

one part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part

[M12] lactose intolerance

inability to digest lactose due to lack of lactase

[M12] megacolon

enlargement and dilation of the colon

[M12] volvulus

twisting of the intestine causing bowel obstruction

[M12] appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

[M12] diverticulitis

inflammation of pouches in the wall of the large intestine

[M12] hemorrhoids

enlarged veins in the rectal or anal area

[M12] Hirschsprung disease

congenital megacolon caused by missing nerve cells that stimulate peristalsis

[M12] irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

functional large intestine disorder causing abdominal pain and changes in bowel movements

[M12] peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

[M12] rectocele

hernia of the rectum through the vaginal floor

[M12] dysgeusia

distorted sense of taste

[M12] hypogeusia

decreased sense of taste

[M12] xerostomia

dry mouth caused by decreased saliva

[M12] borborygmus

rumbling or gurgling abdominal sounds caused by active peristalsis

[M12] dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

[M12] emesis

vomit; material expelled from the stomach

[M12] melena

black tarry stool containing digested blood

[M12] odynophagia

painful swallowing

[M12] anorexia

loss of appetite

[M12] ascites

abnormal fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity

[M12] jaundice

yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes caused by bile pigments

[M12] flatulence

excessive passage of gas

[M12] fecal impaction

hardened feces stuck in the rectum or sigmoid colon

[M12] tenesmus

constant feeling of needing to have a bowel movement

[M12] colonoscopy

endoscopic examination of the colon

[M12] gastroscopy

examination of the inside of the stomach with a gastroscope

[M12] paracentesis

removal of fluid from the abdomen with a needle

[M12] proctoscopy

examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon with a proctoscope

[M12] barium swallow

X-ray examination of the esophagus using swallowed contrast

[M12] esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

[M12] alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

liver and bile duct enzyme that may increase with liver disease or bile duct blockage

[M12] aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

enzyme that may increase in the blood with liver cell damage

[M12] bilirubin

pigment produced from red blood cell breakdown

[M12] lipase

pancreatic enzyme that digests fats

[M12] cheiloplasty

surgical repair of the lip

[M12] gingivectomy

surgical removal of gum tissue

[M12] gingivoplasty

surgical reshaping of gum tissue

[M12] anastomosis

surgical connection between two body structures

[M12] appendectomy

surgical removal of the appendix

[M12] cholecystectomy

surgical removal of the gallbladder