BIOL 2114: Unit 1 Review Flashcards

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering Unit 1 topics including hormone types and functions, stress stages, blood composition, erythropoiesis, hemostasis, and cardiac physiology.

Parathyroid hormone

A peptide hormone produced by the parathyroid, stimulated by low $Ca^{2+}$, which targets many organs to increase $Ca^{2+}$ levels.

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Monoamine hormones produced by the adrenal medulla via neural stimulation that trigger the fight or flight response.

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

A peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone.

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A protein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid to release $T_3$ and $T_4$.

Thyroid hormone ($T_3$ & $T_4$)

Monoamine hormones produced by the thyroid that increase metabolism in most cells; inhibited by low thyroid stimulating hormone.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A peptide hormone produced by the posterior pituitary via neural stimulation that increases $H_2O$ reabsorption in the kidneys.

Oxytocin

A peptide hormone produced by the posterior pituitary that targets the uterus and breasts to stimulate labor and milk release.

Corticosteroids

Lipid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that increase sodium reabsorption, blood volume, and blood pressure during the resistance stage of stress.

Synergism

A pattern of hormone interaction where the combined effect of hormones is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Permissiveness

A pattern of hormone interaction where one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Antagonism

A pattern of hormone interaction where one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

Alarm Reaction

The first stage of stress involving a short duration, epinephrine and norepinephrine, and the fight or flight response.

Stage of Resistance

The second stage of stress characterized by lung duration, cortisol release, suppressed immune system, and the breakdown of fats and proteins for fuel.

Exhaustion

The third stage of stress where the body's energy is depleted.

Plasma

The extracellular matrix of blood, composed of approximately $90\%$ $H_2O$ and $8\%$ protein.

Formed elements

The technical name for blood cells, which includes platelets (bits of broken-up blood cells).

Albumin

A plasma protein comprising $60\%$ of total plasma protein; responsible for transport and osmotic pressure.

Globulin

A plasma protein comprising $36\%$ of total plasma protein; functions as antibodies.

Hemoglobin

A protein in erythrocytes consisting of 4 globins, each with a heme group containing an iron atom, used for carrying gasses.

Bilirubin

A substance produced from recycled heme that is sent to the liver and converted into bile.

Hematocrit

The percentage of blood volume that consists of erythrocytes.

Hemocytoblast

A hematopoietic stem cell that serves as the progenitor for all blood cells.

Proerythroblast

A committed cell in the erythropoiesis pathway that will become a red blood cell.

Reticulocyte

An immature erythrocyte that has ejected its nucleus and is in the final stage before becoming a mature erythrocyte.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates the production of erythrocytes.

Leukopoiesis

The process by which leukocytes develop, occurring in the red bone marrow (RBM).

Hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding through four steps: vessel injury, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

Vascular spasm

The contraction of smooth muscle in a vessel to minimize blood loss, often stimulated by serotonin released from platelets.

Prothrombin activator

A substance produced by sticky platelets that converts prothrombin into thrombin.

Thrombin

An enzyme that facilitates the transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin during coagulation.

Fibrin

A protein that creates a cross-linked mesh resulting in blood coagulation.

Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle is contracting.

Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle is relaxing.

Functional syncytium

A characteristic of cardiac muscle where the heart contracts as a single coordinated unit.

Sinoatrial (SA) node

The pacemaker of the heart that sets the pace for the whole organ.

Stroke volume ($SV$)

The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle per beat, calculated as $SV = EDV - ESV$.

Cardiac output ($CO$)

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as $SV \times HR$.

Preload

The degree of stretch in the ventricles before they contract; an increase results in an increased stroke volume.

Afterload

The pressure exerted on the ventricles by the pulmonary trunk and aorta; an increase results in a decreased stroke volume.

Contractility

The strength of the ventricular contraction; an increase results in an increased stroke volume.