ch16 - stress illnesses + SZ

PTSD

occurs after crises/terrifying experiences. symptoms: nightmares, bad memories, avoidance of reminders, high arousal in resp. to noises

PTSD affect in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala?

smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, larger amygdala

PTSD patients show a greater sensitivity of _____/____ output

autonomic/ sympathetic

PTSD is thought to manifest in ____ overactive and _____ underactivity

amygdala/ prefrontal

stress-related mental illnesses follow the classic model of interaction between ____ and _____.

genes/ environment

in the past, many thought that mental illness was a sign of being ____.

possessed by demons

trephination

drilling a hole in someone’s head so the demon could escape the brain

paralytic dementia

• suffered by ¼ of patients in hospitals in 20th century

• delusions, poor judgment, impulsivity

patients suffering paralytic dementia also showed brain damage due to ___. who discovered this?

a bacterial infection/ hideyo noguchi

syphilitic psychosis

paralytic dementia + bacterial infection of syphilis. eradicated w antibiotics

what is psychosurgery

use of surgery to treat severe mental illnesses (“take out pieces to fix it”)

what began the era of psychosurgery?

egas moniz wanting to experiment on frontal lobe lesions, like they did w chimps

lobotomy

frontal lobe lesions

intended effect of lobotomy

induce relaxation and calmness in mentally ill patients

lobotomy side effects

mood swings, changes in personality

walter freeman

american psychiatrist who was a huge lobotomy advocate

even though epilepsy isn’t a mental illness _____ can cure it (w huge side effects)

removing one of the locuses where electrical discharge for seizure occurs

case where using psychosurgery to cure epilepsy left big side effects

Henry Molaison (HM)

neurosurgeries to treat psychiatric disorders is

rare, risky and unreliable. stems from desperation in severe cases

schizophrenia (SZ) is not one disease, it’s

a cluster of diseases (like paranoid SZ, and depressive SZ)

SZ is marked by ____.

cognitive abnormalities

SZ positive symptoms

• loose associations

• struggling with abstractions/metaphors (too concrete in thinking)

• delusions (believes lies)

• paranoia (irrational distrust)

• hallucinations (perceiving w senses what isn’t there), usually auditory

SZ negative symptoms

• social withdrawal

• face not as expressive

are SZ patients violent?

NOT generally but can be. SZ patients are more prone to self-harm:(

if you don’t get SZ by 30, you will ..

probably never get it

aging may cause a ⬇in ___ but not ___ SZ symptoms

positive/ negative

sociocultural aspects of SZ (2 things)

• associated w ⬇socioeconomic status

• strong ideological component

psychological SZ symptoms don’t emerge until ___ years

20

childhood SZ psychological symptoms are subtle like

mild impairments in motor coordination

prefrontal cortex seems to be linked to SZ, so

it matures slowly (symptoms arise in its final steps of development)

what might cause SZ

• mother poor nutrition during pregnancy

• premature birth

• skinny baby

• ⬆stress in mother during early pregnancy

• babies born in winter lol