bbh exam 2 study set

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major killers of americans @ turn of 20th cent

tuberculosis and pneumonia

By 1925, diseases of the _____ had become the number one cause of death in the United States, followed by __________

heart; pneumonia and influenza

By the 1940s, ______ had edged out ________ for the dubious distinction of being the nation’s second most lethal disease

cancer; pneumonia

Today, ___________ account for nearly half of all deaths in the United States

heart disease and cancer

Approximately ______ of all adults in the United States have at least one chronic health condition

half

Approximately ______ of all adults in the United States have at two or more chronic health conditions

one quarter

refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s functioning

metabolic

Every day more than ______ Americans die of cardiovascular diseases—an average of one death every ___ seconds

2,200; 39

Cardiovascular diseases (all diseases of the heart and blood vessels) account for ______ deaths, including an increasing number among younger adults age 35 to 54

1 in every 3

Only about ______ of young Americans get passing grades for heart-healthy behaviors

half

Only about ______ of young Americans get passing grades for heart-healthy behaviors

half

Fewer than ___ percent of young Americans eat “ideal” diets

1

What amount of young Americans have unfavorable BMIs

one-third

Sleep study of young adults age 21 to 35

sleep disturbances (< 6 hours of sleep and > 60 minutes wake time after sleep onset) increased risk for metabolic syndrome due to higher waist circumference and an increase in the hormones related to hunger and satiety

recommended excerise amount / week

150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes high intensity

fat located under the skin

subcutaneous fat

visceral (abdominal)

The more ________ fat that you have, the more resistant your body’s cells become to the effects of your own insulin

risk waist measurements for men and women

40 in men, 35 in women

Among college students, the ratio of __________ can be a significant predictor of metabolic syndrome.

muscle mass to visceral fat

avg screen usage of 18 to 39 year olds

239 minutes a day

break from sitting reccomendation

5 minutes every 30 minutes

_____________________ can be signs of high blood glucose.

Frequent thirst, blurry vision, weakness, unexplained weight loss, and unusual hunger

heart contraction BP

systolic

between contraction BP

diastolic

how to read BP

systolic over diastolic

measurement of BP

mmHg

hypertension can cause

• Shortness of breath with exertion

• Damage to the arteries in the kidneys, which can lead to kidney failure

• Accelerated development of plaque buildup in the arteries.

at risk HDL level

40 mg/dL or lover

avg HDL 4 men

45mg/dL

avg HDL 4 women

55mg/dL

at risk LDL level

100mg/dL or higher

these fats flow through the blood specifically after meals

triglycerides

Blacks and Hispanics have _____ the rates of diabetes as Whites.

double

Nearly __________ Black adults have cardiovascular disease.

4 in every 10

3 in 10

Among Hispanic Americans, nearly ________ have cardiovascular disease.

describe metabolic syndrome trends among teens

lower levels of triglycerides, higher levels of HDL, but also higher obesity

metabolic syndrome indicators

waist measure, triglyceride, HDL, BP, fasting Blood Sugar

how many risk factors do you need to have to be considered to have metabolic syndrome

3 or more

waist for diabetic predispo metabolic syndrome

37-39 inches in men, 31-35 inches in women

metabolic syndrome triglyceride

> 150mg/dL

HDL metabolic syndrome

< 40 mg/dL 4 men, < 50 mg/dL 4 women

BP for meta syndr

> 130 mmHg systole over 85 mmHg diastole (130/85)

blood sugar for metab synd

> 110 mg/dL

metab syndrome to heart attack / stroke risk

2x likely

metab syndrome to heart disease

3x

men w 4 or 5 characteristics of metab synd heart attack / stroke risk

4x

men w 4 or 5 characteristics of metab synd diabetes risk

24x

Young adults with metabolic syndrome are more likely than others their age to have __________, an indicator of atherosclerosis, the buildup of fatty plaques in arteries

thicker neck arteries

Young adults with metabolic syndrome are more likely than others their age to have thicker neck arteries, an indicator of __________, the buildup of fatty plaques in arteries

atherosclerosis

the buildup of fatty plaques in arteries

atherosclerosis

Among those who are obese, losing ______ percent of their body weight may reverse the symptoms of metabolic syndrome.

7 to 10

what are the weak acids produced by the body when breaking down fats for energy

ketones

what is ketoacidosis

an upheaval in the body’s chemical balance that brings on nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy, and drowsiness

how many americans have diabetes

29 million, almost 1 in 10

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) projects that up to _____ of Americans could have diabetes by 2050 if they continue to gain weight and avoid exercise.

one-third

what amount of adults in the US can be assessed as prediabeteic?

one-third or 79 million adults

what percent of prediabetics are aware of the risk

less than 10 percent

blood glucose for normal, to prediabetic, to diabetic

70-100, 101-125, > 126 mg/dL

avg loss of life for type 1 diabetes

11 years for men and 13 years for women

causes of death from type 1 dia ranked

heart conditions, diabetic coma, other causes

men vs women in type 1 dia

women 40% greater risk from any cause double of heart disease than men

why are women more in danger due to typew 1 dia

high levels of BSug cause more damage to womens blood vessels

what percent of diabetics are type 2

90-95%

functional diff between type 1 and type 2 dia

type 1 is autoimmune, type 2 is not enough insulin or unable to use insulin

genetic risk factor diffs in type 1 and 2 dia

type 1 needs both parents, type 2 is only a family hist risk in westernized countries

Children of mothers who develop gestational diabetes early in pregnancy may be at increased risk for ________

autism spectrum disorders

What race develops diabetes at lower weights

asians

why do asians develop dia at lower weights

bisceral fat around internal organs

tests to detect dia

random BSug, fasting BSug, Glucose challenge

diabetes symptoms

• Increased thirst and frequent urination.

• Flulike symptoms.

• Weight loss or weight gain.

• Blurred vision.

• Slow-healing sores or frequent infections.

• Nerve damage (neuropathy)

• Red, swollen, tender gums.

diabetes ABCs

A1c test, BP, Cholest

A1c blood glucose ADiaA recc, ACEndocrin recc

< 7%, < 6.5%

A1c methodol

measures hemoglobin (iron rich molec) attached to red blood cells to indicate blood glucoseA1c blood glucose ADiaA recc

LDL goal for more people NOT RISK FACTOR

< 160 mg/dL

ADiaA advise for mild to mod physical act for diabetics

mild to mod physic acti for 3 min @ 30 min interval

treatment diffs for type 1 or type 2 dia

type 1 needs insul, type 2 can manage through diet, exercise, and weight, but also may need insulin

how many pancreas transplants/year

400 to 500

how many pancre transpl func after a decade

only abt half

surgery that “cures” diab

gastric bypass

how does gastric bypass cure dia

changing the hormones and ammino acids produced during digestion

how many US adults over 20 have hypertension

one third, some 80 million

“silent killer”

hypertension

Since 2000, the overall death rate from hypertension has increased ___ percent for both men and women, with the greatest spike in those age ______

23; 45 to 64

Regulating blood pressure for all Americans could prevent ______ heart attacks and strokes and 13,000 deaths each year.

56,000

However, ___ percent of adults with elevated blood pressure do not have it under control

44

Globally, treating half of people with uncontrolled high blood pressure could prevent ______ heart attacks and strokes over 10 years

10 million

In individuals with a genetic risk, high blood pressure may spur

development of the brain plaques characteristic of Alzheimer disease

High blood pressure can damage the structure of the brain in people as ______.

young as age 40

Among college students, ______ has been linked with an increased short- and long-term risk of hypertension

binge drinking

According to the CDC, about _____ adults age 18 and older in the United States—some _____ men and women—have high blood pressure.

3 in 10; 65 million

A rise of as little as _______ in systolic blood pressure in Blacks raises the risk of dying

10 mmHg

People with chronic insomnia who take longer than _____ to fall asleep may have a ________ higher risk of high blood pressure. The longer before sleep onset, the greater their risk

14 minutes; 300 percent

BP categories

normal, elevated, stage 1, stage 2, hypertensive crisis

normal, elevated, stage 1, stage 2, hypertensive crisis levels

< 128/80, 120-129 / < 80, 130-139/80-89, > 140 / > 90, > 180 systolic and/or > 120 diastolic

In healthy adults, blood pressure screening should begin at age ___

51

According to the National College Health Assessment survey, ______ of undergraduates have been diagnosed or treated for high blood pressure

3.2 percent

low sodium intake risk factor

< 3g / day

high sodium intake for ppl with hypertension

> 7 g day

one of the new suspects in heart disease risk that is lowered by DASH

homocysteine

lipoprotien profile

tests after 9-12 hour fast, total cholest, LDL, HDL, triglycerides