APUSH Chapter 5 (in progress)

George Washington's first cameo

-22 yo farmer recently promoted to lieutenant colonel in the Virginia militia

-took a force of Virginians and Iroquois to attack French soldiers in western Pennsylvania

-French troops sent from Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg), a Fort built to maintain Frances claims. To the French, they were trespassing. Were killed in Surprise attack

-the British were also claiming to assert their territory

-Washington built small camp called Fort Necessity. It is overrun by the French and Washington is forced to surrender.

-Would provoke perhaps the first world war

French and Indian War

-The war that started near Pittsburg began to be known as the French and Indian War

-In most of Europe it was called the Seven Years' War

-French Canadians would call it the War of Conquest (Quebecois seething rn)

-First semi World War

-Formal Declaration of war in 1756, two years after Washington's skirmish. English and Iroquois in constant tension with French and their Native allies

-War quickly spread around the world

Changing Landscape from the French and Indian War

-Significantly changed the North American landscape

-Fort Duquesne taken and renamed Fort Pitt, in honor of British PM William Pitt

-Florida ceded to England from Spain

-James Wolfe captured Quebec

-All land East of Appalachians for the English colonies

-East of Mississippi but west of Appalachians reserved for Natives

Treaty of Paris (first one)

-British and French exhausted from fighting, even though the British were winning major victories, its new king, George III, wanted peace

Outcomes of the French and Indian war

-All governments involved that fought the war were deeply in debt

-France removed as European power although the kept the Carribean Islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique

-Disastrous outcome for the natives

Disastrous outcome for the Natives

-The Spanish presence in Florida allowed southern tribes to play a Three-way balancing act, but with the French and Spanish gone, all of their bargaining power was removed

-British started to mess with the Iroquois a lot because of this

-Movement started to return to the old ways, before the white people arrived in the Americas

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. Eventually Pontiac signed Peace treaties, 3 years later he was murdered, probably by other natives who believed all the deaths for his rebellion were in vain.

Jeffrey Amherst

-English commander who ordered his troops to put "every Indian in your Power to Death."

-He ordered the distribution of smallpox-infected blankets to Indians.

The Proclamation Line of 1763

Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset, soon conspiracies began

The Paxton Boys and Rural White Responses

-In the town of Paxton, a group of farmers decided the only way to end warfare between whites and natives on the frontier was to get rid of all Indians, would go around and murder any natives they could find

-Eventually the rebellion is put down by negotiation from Ben Franklin and a delegation of the colony's leading citizens

-After 1763, many white residents of British North America began to lump all American Indians together as an enemy race

Threats of New Taxes

-After the war, Britain was in super debt

-in 1764, George Grenville and the majority in Parliament asked Britain's North American colonists to pay what the authorities in London thought was a fair share of the wars cost

-the colonists were all like "nuh uh"

"The Revolution Was in the Minds of the People, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775. In the course of fifteen years before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington."

John Adams writing to Thomas Jefferson years after the revolution

Loyalists

While people did begin to change from loyal British subjects to revolutionary advocates of independence, others did not. Including Thomas Hutchinson, William Franklin, and about a fifth of the white colonists. Also a majority of African slaves were probably Loyalists. As well as Natives.

Transition from "Rights of Man" to Revolt

-Many Colonists had grown up reading Locke's defense of the Glorious Revolution (William and Mary)

-Locke's ideas guided some of the Revolutions most articulate advocates as well as backwoods rebels

-other cited philosophers included Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu

-leaders of the revolution became convinced the patriots represented the virtues of republicanism

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

Revolution sparks Revolution

-The American revolution would go on to inspire the French, which would lead to the Haitian, followed by further revolutionary efforts in Germany, Poland, Scandinavia, and Italy.

-Haiti would be the most successful slave revolt of all time.

-Simon Bolivar in South America expressed the same philosophical ideals as in North America.

Religious Revolution

-As part of Great Awakening, church goers were called in to judge the personal quality of their church members, it wasn't a stretch to ask the same of civil officals

-One visiting revivalist asserted that Patrick Henry was a "Stranger to true religion"

-Patrick Henry was all like "Nuh Uh" and demanded that Virginia stomp out these "Strolling preachers" who were, in his view, "a set of incendiaries, enemies not only to the Established Church, but also common disturbers of the peace."

Artistic Revolution

-John Singleton Copley, began his career in New England and New York for painting English-style portraits of the Commercial elite,

-These paintings had rich symbolism of independence

-Charles Wilson Peale produced heroic portraits of revolutionary heroes

Impressment of American sailors

-So the British would basically kidnap people to join the navy

-One time the British tried to kidnap 46 people, and a Rebellious Crowd responded, chasing the royal governor out of town

-Samuel Adams claimed that they had a natural right to do so

Sugar and Currency Acts (1764)

-Established a number of new duties and contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers. It was explicitly designed to generate revenue for the British government. While the Currency Act forbade Americans from producing their own paper currency.

-In response merchants and artisans in Boston and New York formed a nonimportation movement

Stamp Act of 1765

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.

-Middling and Upper class hate it the most, as they would have to pay the most in taxes if it was enforced

Virginia Resolves (1765)

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

Sons of Liberty

-A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. .

"no taxation without representation"

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

-Delegates from 9 colonies met up and issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances

-Stated that Parliament had not right to tax the colonies, and petitioned for a repeal of the Stamp and Sugar acts

-"There ought to be no New England men, no New Yorker, ect. known on the Continent, but all of us Americans"

New York Stamp Act Riot

-Series of protests among NY merchants and groups like the Sons of Liberty in response to the British taxes (mostly Stamp & Sugar Acts)

-agreed not to import any British goods while stamp act enforced

-November 1st crowd surrounded city hall & burned governor in effigy

-broke into the home of a British member of the Royal artillery

-Mob called itself the "Sons of Neptune" (more lower class than Sons of Liberty)

-similar riots happened elsewhere in Wilmington NC, Annapolis MD, and Charleston SC

Marquess of Rockingham and the Declaratory (1766) and Revenue Act (1766)

-In response to unrest, British authorities under the new prime minister the Marquess of Rockingham decide to repeal a=the stamp and sugar taxes but also show force

-Declaratory act: Repealed the taxes white also claiming the right to tax "in all cases Whatsoever"

-Revenue act (1766): Restricted trade in sugar, which helped British and Caribbean merchants at the expense of colonial merchants

Charles Townshend and the Townshend Duties (2nd Revenue Act)

-Charles Townshend (treasurer) in a new British government, imposed new taxes on lead, paint, paper, and tea

-British government desperate to pay off war debts and assert their dominance over the colonists

-Wanted to curtail smuggling and mobs, so warships from the Royal Navy arrived in Boston

Boston Massacre

-Tensions running high in Boston with the presence of British troops in Boston, Soldiers were allowed to work on thier own part-time, increasing competition with colonists

-One night, a crowd started throwing snowballs at British soldiers, it escalated severely, one dude just got absolutely blasted in the face and was knocked out cold, then shots started being fired, 5 people died

post- Boston Massacre

-John Adams defended the British troops in a subsequent trial (found not guilty), believed it wasn't really a massacre

-Paul Revere described it as a deliberate military attack on a peaceful crowd

-Sam Adams created a committee of correspondence to encourage resistance in other colonies

-With rhetoric such as Revere's and Adams's, many Bostonions would likely never be loyal British subjects

Tea Act of 1773

-Repealed the other Townshend duties but maintained the tax on tea

-Sill asserted parliament's authority to levy whatever taxes they wanted

-Attempted to protect the almost-bankrupt British East-India Company, which was struggling as colonists were purchasing tea elsewhere

-Tea would end up being cheaper for the colonies, but the colonies still refused

Dartmouth ship

Ship carrying a whole bunch of tea, tries to dock, gets told that if the tea leaves the boat, the boat is being sunk, gets told by government if they don't unload the tea, the boat is getting sunk

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Daughters of Liberty

-In response to the Stamp act crisis of 1765, women who were determined to boycott British goods in protest began calling themselves the daughters of Liberty

-Organized spinning bees so they could make their own cloth and not have to buy British textiles, wearing homespun clothes became a symbol of loyalty to the patriot cause

-Women led food riots throughout the colonies during the war

Revolts in the Backcountry

-Backcountry Virginians rebelled against royal authority since Bacon's Rebellion

-Tensions between coastal areas whom had more access to and more representation in colonial government, and rural inland settlements

Regulator movement in the 1760s

Farmers in the western parts of the Carolinas felt ignored by the colonial government so they created what they called the Regulator movement.

South Carolina: Regulators attacked outlaws who stole from isolated farms. The government eventually agreed to create circuit courts, which diminished the violence.

Inland communities relationships with the natives. (pt. 1)

-Inland people complained that those on the coast used inland settlers as a buffer from the Indians. This is because in fact, those on the coast were using inland settlers as a buffer from the indians. As had been planned by authorities since the 1720s

-Most inhabitants of the coastal cities were of English backgrounds or African slaves, most of the inland inhabitants were Scots-Irish and German, many of whom arrived a generation or two later and were in far greater tensions with the natives

-As the white population grew, the only satisfaction for increasing pressure was more land, thus there were more movements into areas settled by natives, settlers expected the British to help them, but after the Proclamation line this was proven to be incorrect and angered the settlers.

Inland communities relationships with the natives. (pt. 2)

-British agents sought to relieve the pressure among land-hungry white settlers and honor the king's commitment to the natives.

-a 1768 treaty allowed white settlers in present day West-Virginia and Kentucky. A similar treaty oped parts of western Pennsylvania and New York, but they wanted more land than authorities were willing to give, and they were prepared to fight for it.

Violence amongst inland communities against natives

-A German immigrant, Frederick Stump, was arrested for murdering 10 natives in western PA, and freed from jail by a white mob.

-In Virginia, vigilantes who called themselves the Augusta Boys killed Cherokees.

Quebec Act of 1774

-General Thomas Gage found the violence intolerable, complaining to London that "all the people of the frontiers... never find a man guilty of murder, for killing and Indian."

-Parliament passes the Quebec Act, assigning all lands north and west of the Ohio river to the British controlled Quebec. Also recognized the legal rights of the Catholic Church, which offended the protestant Americans

-One of the "intolerable acts"

Intolerable Acts

-4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

-Providing a common sense of grievance among people who had previously been quite separate in their complaints.

The First Continental Congress

-Leaders of the rebellion is MA asked those in the other colonies, both inland and coastal, to join in united action

-All except Georgia, who was fighting Creek Indians and wanted Britain's support, sent delegates to Philadelphia

-Many delegates agreed that Parliament had no right to tax the colonies without their consent, however few were ready to break with England

-Virginians wanted to continue to export Tobacco, South Carolina rice and indigo

-Gained experience working together

-Declared their rights based on laws of nature, British constitution, and the colonial charters were not to be trifled with, agreed to a ban on British exports (after the Tobacco and rice was shipped)

Sommerset Decision

Essentially declared that Slavery was not natural in nature, and so in order for it to be in effect, there must be a law in place for it. No law in place in England, so it cannot be allowed in England.

Effects of Somerset decision

-Running away to England a notion prevalent among African slaves

-Ben Franklin, though owning them, began to turn against the institution

-Jurys always found Africans free

Other routes to Freedom for Slaves

-After learning of how effective mob action can be, some 107 slaves ran away from the a plantation near Charleston to join others in hard-to-penetrate swamps.

-Whites on both sides of the Atlantic noted the irony of colonists protesting their perceived enslavement by Parliament while, those same colonists enslave tens and thousands of their own

-Quakers fought for freedom for slaves

-Debate around slavery as heated as debate around British rule

General Thomas Gage's recommendation after the intolerable acts

Gage recommended conciliation, but the leaders in parliament were in no mood. Gage received orders to restore orders at all costs. Gage kept a close eye on the rebels who kept a close eye on him.

Lead up to the Battles of Lexington and Concord

-Colonial militias were collecting arms in the towns of Concord and Worcester (Wu-ster), and Gage knew it. Hoping for secrecy the ordered troops to prepare to march to Concord at night to seize the arms.

-Colonists expected this, Paul Revere was to report on any troop movement by hanging lanterns in the steeple of Boston's North Church, one if by land, two if by sea.

-He hung up two, then went on his famous Midnight ride, he himself was arrested. But Sam Adams and John Hancock were awakened to organize the militia in Concord

Battle of Lexington

-When the British reached Lexington, they were met with the colonial militia, shots were fired and then they were on their way to Concord

-Only one British soldier was wounded in the first battle

Battle of Concord

-No further gunfire until the British entered the town of Concord, where they found few arms

-As they left to march back to Boston, militiamen hidden behind the landscape (trees, rocks, ect.) attacked

-273 British Casualties, 95 Colonial Militia

-Most now believed the last hope of reconciliation was gone, those who remained loyal to the crown kept quiet, many began to fully commit to the patriot cause.

Ethan Allan, Benedict Arnold, and the Green Mountain Boys

-Since 1770, Allan had led his GMB in challenging royal authority in Vermont, and Benedict Arnold (pre traitorship) organized their own militia and captured Fort Ticonderoga, the cannons from the fort would play a large role in the coming struggle

Battle of Bunker Hill

-After Lexington and Concord, the MA militia, with recruits from CT, began to build fortifications on the hills surrounding Boston

-William Prescott in charge of fortifying the northern hills of Bunker and Breed

-General Gage believed he needed to act, he ordered an attack on Breed hill (it was on Breed hill but it's called the battle of Bunker Hill for some reason)

-Success but high casualties

-Between an ill-organized militia and regular units of the British army. After that battle, the American forces became better organized and gained support from all colonies.

African Americans in the war

-Rumors among the slaves spread that the British would come and help them, this is because Lord Dunmore declared all slaves who fought for the British would be made free

-This horrified whites, as the struggle experienced by slaves was much different from those experience for whites, and when the majority of the population is slaves, a radical revolution is not ignorable.

-The American army was much slower to enlist free blacks or slaves, however slaves did serve alongside forces at Lexington and Concord

-Washington was reluctant to arm black soldiers, fearing the reaction of whites, and a slave revolt. Eventually, when things got grim, he allowed them.

-Rhode Island eventually gave full freedom to anyone who was willing to fight.

Second Continental Congress

-Knew they had to coordinate a war, established George Washington as the leader, a respected member of congress and veteran of the French and Indian war

-Began to question what they wanted from the war, Dickinson wanted reconciliation. Most of the Virginia delegates wanted independence, others weren't sure.

Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense

-called for American independence and the creation of a democratic republic

-became the "common faith" of the new nation as John Adams put it

declaring our independence

-Committee of five chosen to draft a declaration of independence in the instance of Congress voting for it. Included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.

-Jefferson chosen for his skill with words, Adams and Franklin made adjustments, mostly for his hypocritical attack on the slave trade

-on July 2nd a unanimous congress voted for independence, and on July 4th, they adopted a declaration

-the ideas that Locke used to defend England's change in monarchs were now used to announce that monarchy itself was being abolished

The Articles of Confederation

-A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

-Maryland waited until 1781 to ratify it

-no national executive or court system

-taxes could only be exacted if every state agreed

-fought and squabbled (is that a word? I hope it is I like it a lot) like crazy

Washington's Patchwork Continental Army

-Some 200,000 of the 350,000 who could serve, eventually did, although the turnout was never bigger than 25,000 at one time

-fighting against them were a corps of extremely well trained British troops, supported by organized units of Loyalists, and Prussian mercenaries

-the biggest reason for their win, was the fact that they were stubborn

-Most of the soldiers who fought at Lexington and Concord were Farmers who owned their own weapons, as the war went on, Washington and his officers would take Farmers and the "wretched motley Crew" into a functional army

Washington's plan to win

-Fight a defensive war and wear them down

British evacuation of Boston

-After Bunker Hill, the British controlled Boston but were trapped there

-Washington commissioned Henry Knox to have him and his men take the guns captured at Fort Ticonderoga and move them on sleds over snowy mountains to Boston

-Bombarded the city until the British evacuated

Washington's Crossing of the Delaware

-Sir William Howe replaced Gage as the British commander, and landed his army on Staten Island

-Washington and his troops built fortifications in Manhattan and Brooklyn, when Howe's troops attacked, Washington's troops fled to Pennsylvania

-On Christmas night, Washington's forces made a daring raid across the Delaware river, capturing Trenton, then went on to attack a troop in Princeton

John Burgoyne (Fancy Johnny)

-British General John Burgoyne assembled a large army in Canada, planned to proceed down the Hudson river and smash the rebellion by isolating New England from the other colonies.

-Initially went well for Fancy Johnny, but his pompous nature and the Germans inability to communicate made the locals even angrier and more reason to fight

Battle of Saratoga

-We straight up won, no sneak attacks, no tricks, won normally

-Proved to the world we could fight, and eliminated a significant force of the British army

British capture and release of Philadelphia

-British capture Philadelphia hoping to get the members of congress, but they all fled. Washington managed to elude them, and block their supplies

-British left Philadelphia, which remained in colonial hands, with continued riots between patriots and loyalists in the city

Valley Forge

-Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops, Lafayette was also there

-by the time the British left Philadelphia, the troops were better fed, clothed, and trained. And were ready for new battles.

General Sir Henry Clinton

This man replaced General Howe in 1778; encouraged the royal navy to harass the colonists up and down the Atlantic coast and encouraged Britain's native allies to overrun the Carolinas and Georgia.

Importance of France and Spain

-France Resented the British victory in the Seven Years War and wanted to ensure the France was the dominant power in Europe

-Both were willing to support the revolution, but didnt want to engage in war unless the colonists were serious

Benjamin Franklin in France

-He carried a plain white walking stick instead of a sword. He also wore homespun garments and a simple marten fur cap. The ordinary Parisians adored him. He helped get French on the side of the Americans

-Would sleep nude in the same room as John Adams (you just know there's a DISGUSTING AO3 about this)

-France fully declared War on Great Britain

Spain's role

-In 1779, Spain declared war on Britain.

-Spanish forces took British forts and made attacks along the Mississippi River Valley

-Spanish also diverted British troops by attacking Gibraltar in the Mediterranean and, as well as the French, would make attacks in the Caribbean

The Iroquois and the British

-at the beginning of the war most Iroquois sought to remain neutral, however most did see Britain as the key to their independence, as an independent America would never protect their lands the way Britain tried to

-Mohawks launched an attack on colonial farms which was swiftly and brutally dealt with by Washington

British Loyalists

-Colonists who remained loyal to Britain formed their own militias, rebels had nothing but contempt for them

-After the war some were able to blend back into society, but many fled to Canada or England and never returned

Women's Support for Washington's Army

-Patriot women would give up luxuries and contributed a fund for the Continental Army,

-Provided uniforms and clothes for the troops

-Harvested crops for patriot farmers out fighting

British fighting in the South

-British made advances on Georgia and the Carolinas

-Washington named Nathaniel Greene to lead the Southern campaign. Green split his men with Daniel Morgan

-British split their men between Lord Cornwallis and Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton, who had a reputation for exceptional cruelty

-Loyalist and colonial fighting was very common in South Carolina

Battle of Cowpens

-Morgan made a stand against the British forces at Cowpens. He defeated them and Americans were then in control of South Carolina

Battle of Yorktown

-Cornwallis fled to Virginia and decided to fortify Yorktown, where he could be resupplied

-The French Navy blocked his resupply, and Washington came in from the North while Greene and Morgan pushed in from the south.

-Cornwallis surrendered

-"End of the war" but also not really

Treaty of Paris

-John Jay sent to negotiate with Ben Franklin and John Adams (only one AO3 found) on the end of the war with Britain

-America walks away with independence, good boundaries, and fish