University of Iowa Policing in Modern Society Final Exam (Ch 9-13)

Police Stressors

Police work itself

The police organization

Person and Family life

Shift work

Demands of Court Appearances

Inadequate resources to do the job

Event police will most likely to be killed in

Operating a police vehicle and engaging in traffic enforcement

From 1999 to 2008 this lead in accidental police officer deaths

Automobile Accidents

What model has been based on all police stress?

Stress outcome model

Highest police stressor

Killing someone in the line of duty

Chronic Stress

stress associated with long-term problems that are beyond a person's control, deals with the day-to-day routine of the job

Arrest Situation

Most police officers are killed in the line of duty arising from this situation.

How long after a critical incident do officers experience the most stress?

3 Days

Physiological Stress

deals with the biological effects on the individual, including such factors as increased heart disease, high blood pressure, and ulcers

Emotional Reactions

Stress in policing includes fear, guilt, anger, and sadness

Year the fewest number of police officers were killed in the line of duty in the past 30 years?

2008

Most stressful situation in policing?

Killing someone in the line of duty

African American Police Officers

Could only patrol black areas and arrest black people

Black officers were more punitive on black citizens than white officers

Restricted in type and location of assignments

Benefits of having racially mixed policing teams

Symbolic benefit for police department

Moderating effect on officers of each race

Socializing officers in ways to interact with citizens of different races

Legal Challenges to discrimination in employment

Fourteenth Amendment Equal protection clause

Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act

Equal employment opportunity act of 1972

Before the 1950's what was the role of women in policing?

Detecting purse snatchers, pickpockets, and shop lifters

First women to be assigned to patrol work:

Indianapolis Police Department

Reverse Discrimination

Affirmative action plans for selection and promotion are put into practice and individuals who are not apart of the pain feel they have been discriminated against.

Defeminization

Neutralizing their threat to male dominance

Ruling of Detroits Police Officer Association v. Young

Use of professionally developed examination could not be used if It had a discriminatory effect

Ruling of Griggs v. Duke Power Company

Use of professionally developed examination could not be used if It had a discriminatory effect

An issue police women don't have to deal with:

Deciding who gets promoted

Quid Pro Quo Harassment

Requires employee to choose between the job and sexual demands.

True or False: It is believed a more diverse police department results in a more effective one.

True

Empirical Evidence

Based on the opinions of individuals who have strong political beliefs about the importance of diversity

Testimonial Evidence

what is said in court by a competent witness; also called direct evidence or prima facie evidence

Four Problems with Ethical and Professional Standards

May be a good model but fail to impact day-to-day police behavior

Unique nature of policing may limit the effectiveness of the controls

Justification can be applied to any ethical perspective for police behavior, so the police will always be right

Informal code of ethics exist among police

Ethical Relativism

actions must be judged by what individuals subjectively feel is right or wrong for themselves

Ethical Utilitarianism

People ought to do what brings the greatest pleasure to the greatest number of people

Ethical Formalism

places moral worth on "doing one's duty"

Autonomy

Unique body of knowledge, education and training, certification, and commitment to service must be met to be classified as a profession

Legal Control

Use of the law, civil, and administrative in the control of of police behavior

Police Auditor Systems

Focuses on the police organization and the polices and procedures or the dept, not the individual citizen complaints

First Era of Citizen Review Board (1960's)

Reformers wanted politics removed from police

Second Era of Citizen Review Board (1970's)

Saw increases in public concern about the criminal justice system and increases in public support for civil review

Third Era of Citizen Review Board (1980's)

Saw establishment of civil review boards at a time when the police were no longer so suspicious of their presence

Mechanisms of Police Oversight

External to police organizations

Internal to police organizations

Early Warning Systems

Officers behavior is monitored and management is notified when behavior crosses the line

Disciplinary Action Includes:

Termination

Demotion

Probation

Reprimand

Standard Managerial Processes

Departmental Policies

Goals

Objectives

Procedures

Regulations

Internal Complaint Reviews

Internal affairs investigates any complaint reported and is investigated similar to how police investigate crime

Unsubstaintiated Complaint

No supporting evidence

Sustained Complaint

the available evidence supports the allegation of improper behavior

Unfounded Complaints

allegations of police misdeeds that an investigation finds did not occur as stated

Who is the most visible representatives of the CJ System?

Police Officers, they are feared and respected at the same time

Three stages of encounters

Contact

Processing

Exit

Fleeing Felon Rule

A now-defunct law enforcement practice that permitted officers to shoot a suspected felon who attempted to flee from a lawful arrest.

True or False: Female officers tend to use deadly force less than male officers

True

True or False: African American and Hispanic minorities are less likely to be shot by the police.

False

True or False: African American officers are more likely to use and to be the victims of deadly force.

True

Environmental Factors influencing deadly force:

Neighborhoods

High crime areas increase use of deadly force

Agencies w/ restrictive shooting policies in place have reduced death by deadly force

From 1949-1990 it's estimated police have killed how many people using deadly force?

13,000

When is deadly force permitted to be used?

Imminent danger to self or society

The intent is to cause great bodily injury or death

Problems with police brutality:

Blames It on media

Police brutality isn't an issue-said by people and officers

Citizens suits aren't successful in court

Type 1 Conflict

Community

law/department consider police force appropriate, community does not

-often minority neighborhoods

Type 2 Conflict

Policy differences between law and departmental policy

High Speed chases are an issue with this

Type 3 Conflict

Norms officer meets expectations of some segments of the community but is inconsistent with law and departmental policy

Police Abusing the Utilization of Force:

Physical Abuse (Common in 1930's)

Legal Abuse

Violations of Civil Rights

Percent of encounters are reactive:

86

How many people in 2005 had face to face contact with the police?

43.5 million

Most likely reason for police contact:

Traffic Stops

Prescence of Police

Enough force to control the situation at hand

Next increase amount of force

Lastly is the use of deadly force

In between uses of force in the continuum of police force

Firm Grips

Pain Points

Impact techniques

Systematic Theory of Corruption

Corruption stems from the nature of police work

Rotten Apple Theory

Theory of corruption in which it is believed that individual officers within the agency are bad, rather than the organization as a whole.

White Knights

Follow rules totally by the book

Straight Shooters

Honest in own work, but recognize others are going to be deviant, turn their cheek

Rogues

Engage directly in criminal activity, shake down citizens, corrupt

Meat Eater

a term used to describe a police officer who actively solicits bribes and vigorously engages in corrupt practices

Grass Eater

Not actively solicit graft but will accept It when It comes along

Types of Police Deviance:

Police Crime

Occupational Deviance

Police Corruption

Gratuities

Abuse of Authority

Four Types of Corruption

Use of Corruption

Economic Corruption

Police Violence

Subjugation of Rights

Subjugation of Rights

Planting evidence

Police Violence

Violent on offenders or to get a confession

Economic Corruption

Seek for personal gain

Use of Corruption

illegal use of drugs by officers

True or False: The neighborhood may affect the officers use of discretion.

True

Organizational Variables of Discretion

The bureaucratic nature and work periods and areas

Situational Variables of Discretion

Mobility, demeanor, race, gender, age, victim-offender relationship, seriousness of the offense, mental state of citizen, location, and presence of others

Officer Factors of Discretion

Education

Age

Experience

Race

Gender

Career Orientation

Discretion

Freedom of choice between action and inaction, decision to (not) invoke legal sanctions based on circumstances

Wilson's variety of police behavior (1968)

May be seen as most important study of police behavior

Watchman Style

Utilize a great deal of discretion

Common in lower class areas

Political Era

Primary concern is order maintenance

Service Style

Police see themselves as providing wanted service for the community

Police handle situations informally

Arrest not always needed

Common in todays society

Meeting Community needs

Legalistic Style

Police see themselves as law enforcers

Making arrests if possible

Reform Era

Four styles of Police Behavior (Brown 1981)

Old-Style

Clean-Beat Crime-Fighters

Service Style Crime-Fighters

Professional Style

Professional Style Officers

Most desirable type

Knows when to be tough and when to be service minded

Service Style Crime-Fighters

Do just enough to get by

Clean-Beat Crime-Fighters

Interested in all violations

Concerned with legal procedures

Old-Style Crime-Fighters

Agressive

Only interested in felonies

Cranks Understanding Police Subculture (1998)

Coercive Territorial- Most Central Principle

The Unknown

Solidarity

Loose Coupling

Skolnick's Justice Without Trial (1996)

Examined the danger in police work

Termed the person the police officer thinks is potentially dangerous the symbolic assailant

Violence and the Police (1970)

Discussed in-group solidarity among the police and the code of silence found to still exist in policing

True or False: police do not have different values from the rest of society

False

Differences from police and society:

Education

Ethnic Differences

Police socialization do little to change predisposition values

Predispositional Theory

Values and characteristics an officer had before employment are brought with him or her to the job

Universalistic Perspectives

Sociological

Psychological

Organizational

Particularistic

Particularistic Perspective

Focused on officer decision making

Organizational Perspective

This is concerned with the formal and informal factors of the department

Psychological Perspective

Examines the nature of the police personality