Complement System (5)

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23 Terms

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A complex system consisting of approximately 30 different proteins

Complement System

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Result of activated complement

Inflammation, increased phagocytosis, and kills some bacteria and viruses

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Complement

A cascade reaction with sequential interaction of the components

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Steps of complements

Activation, amplification, and biological function

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Complement major function

Opsonization of microbes, release of inflammatory and chemotactic mediators, and direct lysis of microbes

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Three main pathways of complement activation

Alternative, Lectin, and Classical

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End effects of complement activation

Increased phagocytosis, inflammation, and cell lysis

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Alternative pathway of complement activation

1. C3 combines with factors B, D, and P on the surface of a microbe

2. This causes C3 to split into fragments C3a and C3b

3. Three different outcomes can occur resulting in the death of the microbe

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Role of C3a fragment

C3a recruits and activates leukocytes, leading to inflammation and destruction of leukocytes

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Role of C3b

Bound C3b is recognized by phagocyte C3b receptor and phagocytosis of the microbe occurs

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Role of C3b formation of membrane attack complex (MAC)

Formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) occurs, leading to lysis of the cell

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Classical pathway of complement activation

One of three pathways of complement activation. It is activated by antibody bound to antigen, and involves complement components C1, C4, and C2 in the generation of the C3 and C5 convertases. See also alternative pathway of complement activation; lectin pathway of complement activation.

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Lectin pathway of complement activation

One of the three pathways of complement activation. It is activated by the binding of a mannose-binding lectin present in blood plasma to mannose-containing peptidoglycans on bacterial surfaces.

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Activation triggers for the classical pathway of the complement system

1. Antigen + IgG or IgM

2. Microbe + CRP

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Activation triggers for the alternative pathway of the complement system

Microbial/cell surface

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Activation triggers for the lectin pathway of the complement system

Microbe + MBL

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Outcome of MAC

Target lysis

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Action of MAC

Membrane destabilization and lysis of target cells

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Outcome of C3a and C5a

Tissue inflammation

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Action of C3a and C5a

Vasodilation- by activation of mast-cell degranulation - release of vasoactive amines

Chemotaxis- leading to migration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages to the site of C activation

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Outcomes (2) of C3b

Opsonization and Immune complex clearance or adherence

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Action of C3b (Opsonization)

Enhanced phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages

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Action of C3b (Immune complex clearance or adherence)

Binding of immune complexes through CR1 on erythrocytes and transport to spleen and liver for clearance