critical reasoning finals

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/20

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

21 Terms

1
New cards

Two Thinking Systems (Kahneman)

System 1: fast, automatic, emotional; System 2: slow, deliberate, logical.

2
New cards

Origin of Cognitive Biases

Biases mostly come from System 1 (fast thinking).

3
New cards

Cognitive Biases and Optical Illusions

Both distort perception automatically, even if we know the truth.

4
New cards

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs and ignore evidence against them.

5
New cards

Availability Bias

Overestimating events that are easy to recall because they are recent, vivid, or emotional.

6
New cards

Anchoring

Being influenced by an initial number or reference point when making estimates.

7
New cards

Framing Effect

Different presentation of identical information changes decision-making.

8
New cards

Loss Aversion

Losses feel stronger than equivalent gains.

9
New cards

Ego Bias / Rationalization

We justify our actions to protect self-image and avoid blame.

10
New cards

Sample Size in Statistics

Larger samples give more reliable estimates of the population.

11
New cards

95% Confidence Interval

There is a 95% probability that the true population value lies within the estimated range.

12
New cards

Double-Blind Tests

Both researcher and participants don't know group assignments, reducing bias.

13
New cards

Dispersion (Statistics)

Spread of data measured by range and standard deviation.

14
New cards

Scientific Hypothesis

A tentative explanation that can be tested through observation and experiment.

15
New cards

Adequacy Criteria for Hypotheses

Goodness of fit (explains data) and accuracy (makes correct predictions).

16
New cards

Objective Truth

Truth is independent of opinions or beliefs.

17
New cards

Belief ≠ Truth

Believing something doesn't make it true.

18
New cards

Justified True Belief

Knowledge requires belief, truth, and justification.

19
New cards

Moral Objectivism

Moral truths are valid for everyone, universally.

20
New cards

Moral Relativism

Moral truths depend on individuals or cultures.

21
New cards

James Rachels' Critique of Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism leads to absurd consequences: justifying Nazism, blocking moral debate, and silencing reformers.