gestalt and perceptual cues

perception

Law of similarity

group similar objects together

Law of proximity

group objects that are close together

Law of common fate

group similar objects that share a motion or destination

Law of pragnanz

the simplest organization requiring the least cognitive effort emerges as the figurew

Stroboscopic effect

moving objects appear to move in a different direction (flip books)

Phi phenomenon

lights that appear to move based on a sequence of lights flashing

Autokinetic effect

a stationary light on a dark background appears to move after some time

Relative motion parallax

wheels of a moving car may appear to be going backwards

Linear perspective

2 parallel lines appear to meet in the distance

Interposition effect

a partially covered object appears more distant

Texture gradiant

objects seem closer if they are coarser and more distinct

Shadowing

depth cues

Relative size cue

the smaller of two identical objects is perceived as farther away

Relative clarity

distant objects are less clear than close ones

Retinal disparity

2 eyes show slightly different images, providing depth

Convergence

eyes converge to focus on close objects, provides depth

Continuity

objects in a continuous line or curve (a trail or a shape) are likely to be perceived as a group

Closure

objects that make up an image are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group, even if the image contains gaps (top down processing)

Size constancy

we take distance into account for size estimations, know that an object does not change in size depending on its distance from you

Shape constancy

we know that the shape of an object remains constant even when viewed from a different angle

Brightness constancy

perceive objects as a constant color even as the light reflecting off the object changes

Visual cliff

apparatus to investigate presence of depth perception in infants