phonological processes

Reduplication

• full Reduplication is when an entire syllable is repeated

• Partial Reduplication is when just part of the syllable ( usually vowel is repeated)

• Suppressed by 2;6 months

/mumu/ for movie

Full Reduplication example

/bada/ for bottle

Partial Reduplication example

Final consonant deletion (FCD)

• Reducing a closed syllable to an open syllable by removing the final consonant

• Typically suppressed between 3;0 and 3;6

Da for dog

Final consonant deletion example

Weak syllable deletion

• Reducing a multisyllabic word to fewer syllable by deleting a “weak” unstressed syllable

• Typically suppressed by 4 years old

Ba for bottle

Weak syllable deletion example

Cluster reduction

• Deleting a consonant from a cluster

• Resulting in only one consonant for 2 or 3 consonant clusters

• Two if the cluster had three to begin with

• Depending on the sound on the cluster - cluster reduction can persist til 5 years old

/kul/ for school SpeI for spray

Cluster reduction example

Fronting

• replacing sounds produced further back in the mouth with sounds further forward

• Replacing postalveolar and velar consonants as alveolar consonants

• Suppressed by 3;0

/k/ → /t/ tat for cat sh for s

Fronting example

Stopping

• replacing a fricative with a stop

• Common subsitiutions

  

Du for zoo pIt for fish

Stopping example

Deaffrication

• replacing an affricate with fricative

• Suppressed by 4 years old

Ship for chip

Deaffrication example

Gliding

• replacing a liquid with a glide

• May persist until 5

Wed for red

Gliding example

Vocalization

• replacing a postvocalic r and l with a vowel

• Can persist until 4

Derhotacization

When a post-vocalist r or er is replaced with a non-rhotic vowel

Can persist until 4 years

Witto for little

Vocalization example

Assimilation

• Change the quality of phonemes so that they become similar to the preceding/following sounds

• All assimilation suppressed by 3 years

Labial assimilation

• non-labial phoneme produced as a labial sound due to a neighboring labial sound

Alveolar assimilation

• non-alveolar sound replaced as alveolar due to the neighboring alveolar sound

Velar assimilation

• Non-velar sound replaced as a velar sound due to due neighboring velar sound

Mab for mad

Labialization assimilation example

Progressive/ perseverative

Tine for time

Alveolar assimilation example

Kak for cat , groggy for doggy

Velar assimilation example

• kak is progressive

• Goggy for doggy regressive/ anticipatory

Initial consonant deletion

• Deleting the initial consonants of words

• Idiosyncratic process

Backing of stops, fricatives or affricate

• Changing the sounds from the front of the mouth to the back of mouth

• Idiosyncratic

Glottal replacement

• consonant sound is replaced with a glottal stop

• Idiosyncratic

Denasalization ( when not assimilated)

• when a nasal is replaced with a non nasal sound

• Idiosyncratic

Affrication

When a non affricate is replaced with an affricate

Idiosyncratic