KINE 406 Ch.9

T/F: practice guarantees that a learner will become more efficient

False

Careful practice design can lead to ___ in skill ___

Gains, proficiency

Principles of practice design considers the influence of:

• Learner

• Task

• Environment

Breaking down the skill into natural parts or segments, practicing those parts separately until they are learned, and then integrating them to perform the skill in its entirety

Part practice method

What does the effectiveness of part and whole practice depend on?

• Task complexity

• Task organization

The number of subcomponents that make up the skill

Task complexity

The degree to which the subcomponents of the skill are interdependent

Task organization

What types of skills are best served through whole practice?

Skills that are high in organization and low in complexity

Allows learners to experience early success and increased motivation

Part practice method

Permits learners to practice on problem areas without wasting time on what’s already been mastered

Part practice method

What are the three part practice techniques?

• Segmentation

• Fractionation

• Simplification

Skill is separated into parts according to spatial or temporal elements

Segmentation

Learner practices each part separately until they demonstrate a certain level of proficiency, they then combine the parts and practice the skill in its entirety

Part-whole method

In addition to simplifying the skill, this method provides the learner with the opportunity to better understand its underlying timing and integration. Learner begins by practicing two of the parts separately, then combines the third

Progressive part method

Rather than practicing the new component independently, the learner adds it to the previous part(s) and practices them together

Repetitive-part method

Parts are presented and practiced in a sequence progressing from the first to the final part of the skill

Forward chaining

The sequence progresses in reverse order, from the final segment to the initial one

Backward chaining

Skill components that are typically performed simultaneously are partitioned and practiced independently

Fractionation

Is effectiveness of fractionation questionable?

Yes

What tasks is whole practice recommended for?

Those that require simultaneous use of arms and legs

Reduce the level of difficulty of the task or some aspect of it

Simplification

Practitioner or device correctly moves the learner through the goal movement

Manual guidance

An emphasis on speed negatively affects accuracy, and vise versa

Spatial accuracy

Improves when a performer moves faster or movement distance is decreased

Temporal accuracy

Practice with one limb enhances skill acquisition on the same task using the opposite limb

Bilateral transfer

• Same generalized motor program

• Same cognitive information

Bilateral transfer

• Motivation and practice

• Goal setting

• Mental practice/imagery

Psychological strategies

What do goals do?

• Focus learners attention

• Encourage development of new skills and strategies to improve performance

• Provide a means of monitoring progress

Goal concerned with the final result of a competition relative to one’s opponent

Outcome goal

Goal concerned with self improvement

Performance goals

Goal which direct ones focus to achieving some technical element during skill execution

Process goals

What does SMART stand for?

• Specific

• Measurable

• Action-oriented

• Realistic

• Timely

Visualization or cognitive rehearsal of a movement in the absence of physical execution

Mental practice and imagery

• Practice imagery everyday

• Avoid distractions

• Focus on familiar situations/skills

• Create positive, vivid, and controllable images

• Focus on success and goal attainment

• Incorporate all senses in the imagery, to replicate an actual situation or environment

Imagery guidelines

What can be helpful

• As a preparatory strategy to enhance performance

• In reducing/controlling anxiety and increasing self-confidence

• In rehabilitation

Mental practice and imagery

Preferred technique for skills low in organization and high in complexity

Part-practice method

The learner directs attention to a specific aspect of the skill while performing it as a whole

Attention cueing