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Define ionizing radiation
type of radiation that that is capable of removing or orbital electron from the atom which it interacts
What is the name of the structure that serves as a common passageway for both food and air?
Pharynx
A projection in which the CR skims a body part is termed:
tangential
Which of the following is classified as a sellar joint?
Ankle joint
A patient is erect facing the image receptor. The left side of the body is turned 45° toward the image receptor. The CR enters the posterior aspect of the body and exits the anterior. What is this radiographic position?
LAO
A patient is lying on her back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of her body is turned 20° toward the image receptor. What is this radiographic position?
RPO (right posterior oblique)
What is the correct anatomic name for the Adam's apple?
Laryngeal prominence
The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the:
carina
What type of projection is created with the CR directed along or parallel to the long axis of the body?
Axial
What is the name of the small oval-shaped bone found in tendons?
Sesamoid bones
What is the primary center for bone growth termed?
Diaphysis
Examples of "flat" bones are the:
calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum
Which of the following is a secondary growth center for endochondral ossification?
Epiphyses
True or False: The lobes of the lung are separated by fissures
True
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of joints?
Cartilaginous
Which term describes the back or posterior aspect of the hand?
Dorsum manus
How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton?
80 bones
The right lobe contains how many lobes?
3 lobes
Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
Spongy or cancellous bone
A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position?
Left lateral
Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?
Carpal (wrist bones)
Moving the foot and toes downward is:
plantar flexion
True or false: Motion of the patient's diaphragm can be stopped by providing proper breathing instructions.
True
True or False: The term gastro refers to the intestine
True
Which aspect of the small intestine is considered the shortest?
Duodenum
Which aspect of the large intestine is found between the left and right colic flexures?
Transverse colon
Which of the following organs is NOT considered an accessory organ for digestion?
Kidney
Why is the right kidney usually lower in the abdomen than the left kidney?
Presence of the liver
What is the name of the double-walled tissue that lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
Peritoneum
What is another common term for the greater omentum?
Fatty apron
In which of the four major quadrants of the abdomen would the cecum be found?
Right lower quadrant
Which term describes an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen?
Ascites
What type of respiration should be employed during the exposure for the anteroposterior (AP) kidneys, ureter, and bladder (KUB) abdomen projection?
Expiration
The iliac crest corresponds with the ____ vertebral level.
L4-5
A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of a possible abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following abdominal projections would best demonstrate this condition?
Dorsal decubitus
An ileus is the formal term for:
bowel obstruction.
True or False: The most common type of involuntary motion in the abdomen is peristalsis.
True
Which of the following muscles should be demonstrated on a well-exposed abdomen projection on an average size patient?
Psoas major
Which of the following solid organs is the largest found in the abdomen?
Liver
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
1) Right Hypochondriac Region
2) Epigastric Region
3) Left Hypochondriac Region
4) Right Lumbar Region
5) Umbilical Region
6) Left Lumbar Region
7) Right Iliac Region
8) Hypogastric Region
9) Left Iliac Region
Match the following abdominal topographic landmarks with the corresponding veterbral levels: T9-T10
Xiphoid process
Match the following abdominal topographic landmarks with the corresponding veterbral levels: L2-L3
Inferior costal margin
Match the following abdominal topographic landmarks with the corresponding veterbral levels: L4-L5
Illiac crest
True or False: The central ray enters at the iliac crest for an upright KUB.
False
True or False: The peritoneal cavity is located between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum.
True
Select the organs that are retroperitoneal (select ALL that apply)
* Ascending colon
* Pancreas
* Inferior vena cava
Select the organs that are Infraperitoneal (select ALL that apply):
* Bladder
* Lower rectum
List the four abdominal quadrants:
Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant
Which of the following abdominal regions would contain the right colic flexure?
Right lateral lumbar
True or False: The terms 'colon' and 'large intestines' are interchangable.
False
Which of the following organs is an accessory organ for the digestive system?
* Liver
* Pancreas
* Spleen
* Gallbladder
True or False: The AP abdomen for the obese patient often requires two separate exposures with the IR placed landscape.
True
A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of pneumoperitoneum. The patient is able to stand and lie recumbent. Which one of the following projections will best demonstrate the severity of this condition?
AP erect abdomen
Which of the following conditions can produce a dynamic bowel obstruction?
* Fibrous adhesions
* Crohn's disease
* Intussusception
A patient comes to radiology with possible bleeding within the abdomen. The patient is unable to stand or sit for any projections. Which of the following projections would be most effective in demonstrating fluid within the abdomen for this patient?
Left lateral decubitus
Ileus is the formal term for:
intestinal obstruction
A radiograph of an anteroposterior (AP) abdomen demonstrates elongation (widening) of the left iliac wing and narrowing of the right iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors produced this radiographic outcome?
Rotation to the left (left posterior oblique)
Where must the CR be centered for an AP supine projection of the abdomen as part of the acute abdominal series?
level of iliac crest
Where is the CR centered for the AP erect projection of the abdomen?
2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest
At what level should the central ray (CR) be placed for a left lateral decubitus projection of the abdomen?
2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest
In which peritoneal compartment is the spleen located?
Intraperitoneum
Why is the right kidney usually lower in the abdomen than the left kidney?
Presence of the liver
How many separate bones are found in the adult human body
206
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
Sternum
How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton?
80
What is the name of the small oval-shaped bone found in tendons?
sesamoid bones
Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?
humerus
What is the name of the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?
periosteum
Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?
carpal (wrist) bones
Which of the following is a secondary growth center for endochondral ossification?
epiphyses
Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
spongy or cancellous bone
Examples of "flat" bones are the:
calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum.
What is the primary center for bone growth termed?
diaphysis
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of joints?
cartilaginous
The structural term for a freely movable joint is:
synovial
Which of the following joints is NOT a synovial joint?
skull suture
An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position.
anatomic
The vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves describes the _____ plane.
median or midsagittal
A longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts is the _____ plane.
midcoronal
Which of the following terms describes the sole of the foot?
plantar
Which term describes the back or posterior aspect of the hand?
dorsum manus
True or False: A lateromedial projection is one in which the lateral aspect of the anatomy part is closest to the image receptor (IR).
False
A position in which the head is lower than the feet is:
Trendelenburg
Which term describes lying down in any position?
recumbent
A recumbent oblique position in which the patient is lying on the left anterior side rotated anteriorly, with the right knee and thigh flexed is termed:
Sims' position (or modified Sims')
A patient is lying on her back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of her body is turned 20° toward the image receptor. What is this radiographic position?
RPO (right posterior oblique)
Movement of an arm or leg toward the midline
adduction
An inward stress movement of foot
inversion
Near the source or the beginning
proximal
A CR angle away from the head end
caudad
Increasing the angle of a joint
extension
Movement of an arm or leg away from the midline
abduction
Decrease angle between foot and lower leg
dorsiflexion
Turn or bend hand and wrist toward radius
radial deviation
Rotation of hand with palm down
pronation
A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position?
left lateral
A patient is lying on her back. The x-ray tube is horizontally directed with the CR entering the right side of the body. The image receptor is adjacent to the left side of the body. What is the radiographic position?
Dorsal decubitus
A patient is erect facing the image receptor. The left side of the body is turned 45° toward the image receptor. The CR enters the posterior aspect of the body and exits the anterior. What is this radiographic position?
LAO
What type of projection is created with the CR directed along or parallel to the long axis of the body?
axial
A projection in which the CR skims a body part is termed:
tangential