Kine 1020 - Final Exam

Body mass index equation (BMI)?

Weight (Kg) / Height (m2)

What BMI scores are considered underweight, normal weight, and overweight?

<18.5, 18.5 - 24.9, and 25 - 29.9

What is densitometry?

Methods used to find body fat composition.

Major difference between computed tomography and MRI?

One uses high levels of radiation to produce high quality images while the other uses magnetic fields for slightly lower quality imaging.

What is Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)?

A method of tracking body composition by surveying how well your body conducts electricity using the water inside it. The idea is muscle typically holds more water then fat.

What is anthropometry?

A study focused on the physcial measurements of ones body.

What weight category is on the fastest rise?

Class 3 obesity.

Mortaility risk in relation to BMI is _____.

Exponetial.

% of mothers underestimated their child’s weight while __% of mothers did not recognize their child was overweight.

60% and 80%.

What is visceral fat?

The fat inside the body that is typically attributed to most of the health risks involved with obesity.

What is subcutaneous fat?

The fat that is visable on the outside respondsible for storing things and removing it from the bloodstream, actually has health benefits.

What percent of fat in men and woman is viscreral?

10% in men and 5% in woman.

Why is suspected that woman suffer less from some health risk of obesity like heart disease?

Woman are more efficient at making subcutaneous fat removing and storing dangerous things from the bloodstream.

Does liposuction make up healthier?

No as it only removes subcutaneous fat getting rid of some benefits and leaving the dangerous type of fat in the body.

What fat do we lose early in lifestyle change.

Visceral fat is very responsive to lifestyle change and is often why waist size is recorded becuase we can track visceral fat loss that appears before weight loss.

How much kcals do we save due to modern day convience and at what level is it a health risk?

On average we save around 41k kcals a year and 114kcals per day, 130 excess kcal can result in 120% mortaility risk increase.

What percent does genes play into obesity and how many genes affect weight?

From 40-70% and over 140.

How many more pounds does the same caloric intake result in?

20 more pounds.

Benefits of fat?

Engery storage, insulation, sport, and appearence.

Relation with obesity diseases and survival?

Obesity people are more prone to disease, but less likely to die from these diseases.

When does mortality risk from obesity taper off?

Around the age of 65.

What are the hungry and full horomones and what makes them?

Grehlin which is made for the stomach, and leptin which is made from the intestine and adipose tissue.

What is Prader-willi syndrome?

A lack of ghrelin which has no affective treatment.

How do some obese people respond to leptin?

In most lack of leptin is not a problem it is that the blood-brain barrier stop leptin from reaching the brain.

What is volumetrics?

The idea of eating a high volume of low-calorie foods stimulates full hormones, high fibre also stimulates hormones.

How many adults have tried to lose weight?

9/10

What percent of people cannot maintain their weight post weight loss?

95%

What body part adjusts your body to the biggest weight you’ve ever been?

The gliosis in the hypothalamus.

What are the four weight loss medications in Canada and how much weight loss is attributed to them?

Xenical 3%, Contrave 8%, Saxenda 8%, Semaglutide 15%.

What are the 3 most common weight loss surgeries in Canada?

Gastric banding, gastric sleeving which cuts about 60-80% of the stomach pouch, and gastric bypass which makes the stomach smaller and bypasses part of the small intestine.

What percent of patients are aganist bariatric surgery?

77%

What percent of people post surgery will still not have a healthy BMI?

75%

Describe anorexia nervosa.

A eating disorder that involves body image problems resulting in undereating due to a fear of gaining weight. It is 10x more common in woman.

Signs of anorexia nervosa are?

Dizziness, fainting, weight loss, feeling cold, and denying hunger.

Some consequences of anorexia are…

kidney issues, heart problems, lack of periods, pregnacy issues, osteopenia/porosis, anemia, and 5-20% of patients will die due to anorexia complications.

What is bulimia nervosa?

Refers to periods of food binging followed by starvation as compensation, 1-3% of the population will experience while 90% of cases are female.

Signs of bulimia are…

Often weight changes, bloating, dehydration, guilt, and anxiety around food.

What is the average age of death and years from disorder to death for anorexia and bulimia?

36 and 16 years and 42 and 19 years.

How much more common are eating disorders in athletes?

0-19% higher in males and 6-45% higher in females.

What are some treatments for eating disorders?

Nutrition therapy, pssychotherapy, support groups, and medicine.

Is there a cure for eating disorders?

There are many treatments that work well for _______, but much like obesity, there are no cures that will completely get rid of the disease.

What percent of diabetes cases are type 2?

90%.

How many Canadians are estimated to have diabetes? many of which are unaware.

Around 30%.

In 2019 how much did diabetes treatment cost Canada?

29 billion dollars or 79 million a day.

Normal range of blood glucose compared to pre-diabetes range?

4-7nmol/L vs 7.8-10nmol/L.

How does HbAlc testing check is someones blood glucose has been normal for the past 3 months?

By looking at the sugar plaque on their red blood cells.

What races are more likley to sufer from type 2 diabetes?

Non-white races, specfically south asain people.

Some examples of what types 2 diabetes makes a person at higher risk for are…

Stroke, cardiovascular disease, foot damage, neuropathy, eye problems, and teeth issues.

What is the chance of a 20 year old Canadian today to have type 2 diabetes in their lifetime?

50%.

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes are…

Central obesity, rapid weight loss, thirst, fatigue, bad vision, poor healing, dry itchy skin.

Type 2 diabetes affects what parts of the body as it relates to blood glucose levels?

The liver, insulin, glucagon, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and more.

What are the two things needed for type 2 diabetes?

Insulin resistance and not producing enough insulin.

Main ways to prevent type 2 diabetes.

Lose 5-7% of weight, don’t be seditary, elimnate processed food, refined carbs, and sugars from diet, swap to healthy fats (Omega 3 fatty acid/liquid fat), use personal diabete programs.

How much PA is needed for diabetes prevention or maintance?

At least 150 minutes a week, but should strive for 300.

By how much can lifestyle change reduce diabetes risk?

68%, better then drugs like metaformin.

Why can type 2 diabetes only be reversed early?

If you have type 2 diabetes too long it can not be reversed as too many beta cells die.

What types of training should diabetes patients undertake?

Mixture of cardio and resistance training.

Define a concussions.

A form of traumatic brain injury induced by biomedical forces due to a blow to the head.

Difference between a sign and symptom?

A sign is something everyone can observe often through medical test, while a symptom is something the patient feels and may not be observable.

What is second impact syndrome (SIS)?

Refers to the increased risk when taking shots while or after a concussion.

From concussion protocol what is considered a child vs adult.

12 and under vs 13 an older.

What causes chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

After repeated trauma to the brain it begins to secrete insolube tau proteins that intangle brain cells.

What does brain age refer to?

The health of the brain by measuring gray matter and the size of the areas which produce proteins, memories, function, and etc.

What is semantic memory?

The long-term knowledge of general facts, knowledge, and concepts which allows us to identify and volcalize things.

What is episodic memory?

Memories of specifc personal events and dates.

What can excelerate cognitive loss?

Disease and sickness can speed up cognitive decline especially at old age.

What is a new area of research that we can attribute to cognitive decline.

There have been discoveries in new proteins that only form in the brain at an old age that could be behind cognitive decline.

Define dementia.

A general term for loss in memory, language, and problem solving that interfere with daily life.

What percent of dementia cases are alzheimers.

60-80%

What causes alzheimers?

Beta amyloid protein plaques build up in the brain which slow activity.

What protein is thought to be directly behind alzheimers?

The tau protein if it gets into the brain is thought to be directly respondsible for alzheimers.

What particle can directly predict the chance of Alzheimer’s?

APOE is a protein that delivers lipids and cholestrole throughout the body and a direct predictor of alzheimers.

What are the chances of Alzheimer’s for each APOE allele?

APOE 4 has a 50% chance, APOE 3 has a neutral chance, and double APOE 2 alleles you will not get Alzheimer's.

What is the theory on why rouge proteins disrupt memory?

When we think of something it builds protein pathways, but with these rouge molecules in the brain the production of the proteins that promote memory are disrupted.

What causes parkinsons disease?

The dopamine producing neurons die causing a loss of control in the body.

What can delay parkinson’s disease symptoms?

Synthetic dopamine can delay parkinsons disease, but after 6 months the body will reject it and the diease will progress.

What are non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease?

Race, ethnicity, age, sex, and male pattern baldness.

What are modifiable risk factors for heart disease?

Smoking, PA, diet, and obesity

Why might red wine not be as healthy as previously thought?

Participants in these studies tended to be less stressed, richer, more active, and overall lived a better lifestyle.

What were Canada’s old drinking guidelines compared to today’s?

2/day or 10/wk for woman and 3/day or 15/wk for men, now zero is seen as optimal.

What is the difference between LDL and HDL?

LDL is the cholestrol that is sent out by the liver from the food we eat while HDL is sent by the liver to collect excess cholestrol.

Why can excess LDL clog bloodstreams?

Becuase LDL may get stuck in the walls of the bloodstream and attacked by WBC which inturn creates a foam that bloats the walls of the bloodstream.

What is the difference between normotensive blood flow and hypertensive blood flow?

Normotenisve blood flow means blood is able to flow smoothly while hypertensive blood flow is turbulent blood flow that damges arteries.

What is the normal blood pressure now compared to old guidelines?

Now normal blood pressure is 130/85 or lower while it used to be 10 points highier.

What do CVD medications affect?

Heart rate, blood volume, and relax blood vessels.

What is a myocardial infraction?

Reduced blood flow to the heart.

Heart attack symptoms are as followed…

Chest pain, radiating pain, sweating, cold, nausea, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Why are woman more likley to not seek medical care during a heart attack?

Chest pain is less common during a heart attack and when other symptoms are expiernced other things come to mind before a heart attack.

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)?

A test that records the electric activity of the heart to determine it’s condition.

What is a stress test?

A stress test increases the heart’s workload by giving patient medicine or exercise that increase heart rate.

What is an anigiography test?

A test that uses long thin tubes to release dye into the blood stream which can be seen in an x-ray to track bloodflow.

What is angina?

A type of chest pain that occurs due to reduced blood flow to the heart.

Describe some medication that can help reduce angina.

Nitrates: relax and widen blood vessels, blood pressure and cholestrol medication, and any medication that reduces heart rate, prevents blood clots, and relaxs blood vessels.

Describe a coronary graft bypass.

Uses a vein or artery from the leg or chest to replace and bypass any blockage in the heart.

Why do traditional coronary bypasses take longer to recover from?

Due to the rib cage being broken to get to the heart and stopping the heart is required.

Why do less envasive endoscopic surgery take less time to recover from?

Stopping of the heart and breaking the rib cage is not required as only minor cuts are made and robots are used to carry out the job by the doctors.

What is deep vain thrombosis?

When clots are formed in the legs that leads to stagnant blood.

A pulmonary embolism is?

A clot in the lung.

What is the difference between a thrombus and embolus?

The first is a clot that blocks the vessels it was formed in while the second is a clot which travels and blocks a place it wasn’t formed in.

Compare a hemorragic stroke and ischemic stroke.

A stroke that forms from blood spills in the subarachnoid space vs a stroke that is caused by blockages and clots.