Nationalism Interests & Ultranationalism

Alliances

• Agreements between countries to support and defend one another during conflict

• make war more widespread - draw other countries in

Appeasement

• policy of giving in to an aggressor’s demands to avoid war

• ex: at Munich Conference, Britain let Hitler take Sudetenland to keep peace

Domestic Policy

Government decisions and actions with issues within a country

• ex: healthcare, education, changing laws

Foreign Policy

Government decisions and actions with a country’s official relations with other countries

• ex: signing treaties, cooperating with international organizations

Imperialism

• policy of extending a nation’s control over other lands for resources, power, and status

• competition increased tension between major powers

Militarism

• build-up and glorification of military power

• increased army/navies sizes

• increased military spending

• developed powerful weapons

• arms race - countries compete to build stronger militaries

National Interest

goal/priority that a nation believes is important to its survival, security, identity, success

• Security & Safety

• Economic Prosperity

• Belief & Values

Treaty of Versailles

• 1919 peace agreement that officially ended World War I between Germany and the Allied Powers

• imposed harsh conditions on Germany

Peacekeeping

• after a conflict or peace agreement made

• maintain peace, monitor agreements, protect civilians

Allied Powers / Triple Entente

• Britain

• France

• Russia

Central Powers / Triple Alliance

• Germany

• Austria-Hungary

• Italy

World War I was causes (MANIA)

• Militarism

• Alliances

• Nationalism

• Imperialism

• Assassination

Spark of World War I

• Tension was high in the Balkans

• Gavrilo Princip joined the Black Hand (Serbian nationalist group wanting to free Slavic peoples from Austria-Hungarian rule)

• planned to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Austria-Hungarian blamed Serbia for killing their archduke and issued an ultimatum

United States Joins the War

initiated by President Wilson due to

• unrestricted submarine warfare

• sinking civilian ships

• Zimmermann Telegram - Germany asked Mexico to attack America

order of countries joining WWI

• Serbia

• Austria

• Russia

• German

• France

• Italy

• Britain

Paris Peace Conference

• decide how to create peace

• Germany not allowed to participate in negotiations

• Germans feel the treaty was unfair

leaders

• Clemenceau - france (harsh punishment)

• George - England (punishment)

• Wilson - United States (no punishment for peace, started League of Nations (create peace))

• Orlando - Italy (apart of triple allience, switched to obtain land)

main terms for Germany

signed armistice (agreement to stop fighting) and Treaty of Versaille

• Military Restrictions

• Reparations

• League of Nations

• War Guilt Clause

• Territorial Losses

Interwar Period

• between the two world wars

• economic/political instability in Germany, Italy, and Japan

• caused ultranationalist leaders to rise

Isolationism

avoiding involvement in foreign conflicts and international politics

Anti-Semitism

Hatred, prejudice, or discrimination against Jewish people

Expansionism

• increasing a nation’s territory, power, influence

• through political, economic, military means

Fascism

• dictatorship

• obedience to state

• militarism

• suppression of opposition

• authoritarian political ideology

• extreme nationalism

Holocaust

• systematic genocide of approximately six million Jewish people

• by Nazi Germany and collaborators

• “final solution”

Lebensraum

• “Living space”

• the Nazi belief that Germany needed to expand eastward to gain land and resources for the German people

Nazism

ideology of Hitler and the Nazi Party

• dictatorship

• racism

• ultranationalism

• militarism

• anti-Semitism

• expansionism

Propaganda

• Information designed to influence beliefs, emotions, behaviour

• through biased or misleading messages

Ultranationalism

• extreme form of nationalism - sense of pride/loyalty connected to one’s nation

• loyalty to one’s nation becomes aggressive, exclusionary, harmful

• great man theory - great leaders change events

• crisis theory - allow extreme leaders to rule

Adolf Hitler

• was apart of the Nazi party

• attempted a failed coup d’état (Beer Hall Putsch)

• wrote Mein Kampf in prison

• he was made chancellor then leader

• invaded poland

Joseph Goebbels and Hermann Göring

• Goebbels - Minister of Propaganda

• Göring - military and political leader

Rise of the Nazis

• violated the Treaty of Versailles - built military

• Britain and France followed appeasement to prevent war

• annexed Austria, demanded Sudetenland, occupied Czechoslovakia, invade poland

Darwinism

• belief in the struggle for survival

• some groups were stronger and superior

• scientific racism

eugenics

• belief that society could be “improved” by encouraging people with “desirable” traits to have children

• preventing people with “undesirable” traits from having children

racial beliefs

• claimed that Aryans were true Germans

• inferior / undesirable groups were killed/excluded

kristallnacht

nazis:

• burned synagogues

• destroyed Jewish homes and businesses

• arrested Jewish people

• increased violence and intimidation

ultranationalism in japan

• invaded Manchuria and China

• "Asia for Asians" framed as freeing asia from western imperialism, masked Japan’s imperialist intentions

• joined the Axis Powers (Germany and Italy)

• defeat in WWII led to a complete dismantling of military influence and focus on rebuild

general Hideki Tojo

• leader of Japanese Army and prime minister of japan

• planned Pearl Harbor attack

• Tojo was tried for war crimes and executed

ultranationalism in italy

• struggled with economic and political decline

• Italy invaded Ethiopia, defying the League of Nations'

• allied with Germany

• mare nostrum - “our sea” italy want to dominate Mediterranean Sea

Benito Mussolini

• founded the National Fascist Party (no democracy)

• led the March on Rome to demand government control

• arrested by the king, executed before WWII ended

• Italy switched to Allies

Crimes Against Humanity

• Widespread/systematic attacks against civilians

• caused by ultranationalism

• ex: murder, torture, forced disappearance

Genocide

intentional attempt to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, religious group

1. Classification

2. Symbolization

3. Dehumanization

4. Organization

5. Polarization

6. Preparation

7. Extermination

8. Denial

Ethnic Cleansing

forced removal of an ethnic, religious, cultural group from a specific area

International Criminal Court, ICC

• permanent international court

• investigates/prosecutes individuals accused of serious international crimes

• adopted by the United Nations diplomatic conference

Internment

• forced confinement of people without the same rights and freedoms they would normally have

• usually during wartime

War Crimes

• break rules/war laws

• target civilians, mistreat prisoners, illegal warfare methods

Internment Camps

• due to fear and suspicion

• sometimes forced to wrok in harsh conditions

• ex: Japanese Canadians sent to camps due to Pearl Harbour incident, causing their land to be taken and sold - justified by national security

Holodomor

• man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine

• many died due to starvation, grain seizures, forced collectivization

• seized Ukraine’s food sources and sealed its borders

• weaken or destroy Ukrainian resistance and independence

Ukrainization and Russification

• Joseph Stalin - supreme communist leader Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

• Ukrainization - promoted Ukrainian language and culture

• Russification - desire for Soviet republics to become more Russian, implemented by Stalin

• led to purges of Ukrainian intellectuals, politicians, religious leaders

Forced Collectivization

• Ukrainian farmers forced to give up land and work on collective farm

• control Ukrainians and finance the industrialization

• Grain taken from Ukraine and sold to foreign countries

• Kulaks - Ukrainian landowning farmers (blamed for resisting collectivization)

Rwandan Genocide

• in 100 days, around 800,000 people were killed

• victims - Tutsi and moderate Hutus

• Tutsi minority treated as the ruling class

• After independence from Belgium, the Hutu majority gained power and discriminated against Tutsis

• tutsis fled to create Rwandan Patriotic Front - defeated extremist Hutu government

• genocide carried out by Hutus through propoganada

• little to no international support

Independence

ability of a nation/state to govern itself without outside control

Decolonization

• colony gains independence from a colonizing power

• can cause conflicts

• colonial powers force different cultures into single colony

Predecessor State

original state that existed before new states were created from it

Self-Determination

• desire or right of a people to control their own political, economic, social, cultural future

• can lead to full sovereignty

• One of Wilson’s Fourteen Points - believed it would bring Europe peace, not applied equally

Sovereignty

legal authority of a state to govern itself independently

Successor State

new country created from a previous state (predecessor state)

Kosovo

• seek self-determination

• Kosovo declared independence, some recognized while others did not

Vietnam War

• controlled by France as part of French Indochina

• divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam

• North Vietnam - unify Vietnam under communist leadership

• South Vietnam - supported by USA, contain spread of communism

Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge

• Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, took control of Cambodia

• extreme communist agricultural society

• 1.7 to 2 million people died from execution, starvation, disease, forced labour