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30 Terms

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Cell Theory

States that all living organisms are composed of cells and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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Reductionist Biology

An approach to study living organisms by utilizing physico-chemical techniques and concepts.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

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Nucleus

A membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material and controls cellular activities.

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Plastids

Organelles found in plants involved in the synthesis and storage of food.

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Mitochondria

Double membrane-bound organelles responsible for energy production through aerobic respiration.

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Golgi Apparatus

Cell organelle involved in the packaging and transport of proteins.

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Ribosomes

Non-membrane bound organelles that are the site of protein synthesis in cells.

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Cytoplasm

The semi-fluid matrix within a cell where cellular activities occur.

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Cell Membrane

A selectively permeable membrane surrounding the cell that controls the movement of substances in and out.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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Lysosomes

Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of macromolecules.

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy.

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Passive Transport

The movement of molecules across a membrane without the use of energy, typically along the concentration gradient.

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Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus.

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Centrosome

An organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center and is crucial during cell division.

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Mesosome

An infolding of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells associated with various cellular functions.

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Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure.

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Gram-negative Bacteria

Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain and are characterized by a thinner peptidoglycan layer.

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Cell Wall

A rigid layer outside the cell membrane in plant cells, providing structural support and protection.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

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Plasma Membrane

A flexible layer that surrounds the cell, controlling the passage of substances in and out.

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Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within the cell.

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Peroxisomes

Organelles that contain enzymes for oxidation reactions, breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

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Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that maintains cell shape and aids in movement and anchoring organelles.

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Nucleolus

A dense region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome subunits are assembled.

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Endocytosis

The process by which cells take in substances by engulfing them in vesicles.

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Exocytosis

The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.

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Transport Proteins

Proteins that assist in the movement of substances across a cell membrane.