Midterm HSCI 101 Lectures 1-3

Dr. Zheng's October midterm lectures 1-3

Year of the establishment of College of Health and Human Sciences (HHS)

2010

Year of the establishment of School of Health Sciences (HSCI)

1979

Well-known research specialties in HSCI

• Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences

• Toxicology

• Radiological Health Science

Fastest growing healthcare jobs in 2023 by U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

• Nurse practitioner

• Medical and Health Service Managers

• Physician Assistants

Why are jobs in healthcare professions in high demand?

• American are getting older and living longer - more aging patients in clinics than ever before

• Aging America = more healthcare workers retiring

• Affordable Care act increased access to healthcare for millions of people

• New diseases like COVID-19 and Monkeypox

5-P advice from the instructor

Prior Preparation Prevents Poor Performance

Disease

A particular distinctive process in the body with a specific cause and characteristic symptoms, could be transmitted from one person to another.

Disorder

Irregularity, disturbance, or interruption of normal body functions, usually not transmissible

Goals of health science professions: what do they deal with?

Diseases, causes, treatment and prevention

Allied (private) Health Professions

Focus on Disease and Patients

• Diagnose diseases/disorders

• Treat diseases/disorders

• Care for patients

• Serve for patients' well being

Public Health Science Professions

Focus on Diseases, Causes and Prevention

• Identify the causes

• Discover new means for treatment

• Prevent the disease from occurring

• Promote public health

Examples of Allied healthcare professions

• Physical Therapist

• Audiologist

• Dental Hygienist

• Physician Assistant

Examples of primary health providers

• Physician

• Dentist

• Nurse

Category of health services provided by the US healthcare system:

Diagnose and treatment services

the most used healthcare service found in hospitals, clinics, etc.

Category of health services provided by the US healthcare system:

Rehabilitation Services

• Restoration to normal or near normal function

• Homes, community centers, rehab institutions, hospitals, outpatient settings and extended care facilities

Category of health services provided by the US healthcare system

Health promotion services

• Promote better health through lifestyle changes

• Hospitals, clinics, etc.

Category of health services provided by the US healthcare system:

Disease prevention services

Offer assistance in reducing the threat of illness due to environmental or occupational conditions

Nonprofit hospitals (79%)

• Private owned hospitals

• Voluntary hospitals: owned and operated by religious groups

• Community hospitals: independent, nonprofit corporations of local citizens interested in providing hospital care for their community

• Public (government) owned hospitals: financed and operated by government agencies

For-profit hospitals (21%)

Private owned by investors or shareholders of a publicly traded company

Types of managed healthcare organizations in the US:

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)

• Fixed fee for basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services

• Must use designated facilities and limited choice of clinicians

Types of managed healthcare organizations in the US:

Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)

• High fee for services

• Better choices and flexibility

Types of managed healthcare organizations in the U.S.

Association plans

Like if you’re associated with an organization you get special insurance

Roles of federal government regarding healthcare:

• Finances research and individual health care for the elderly and indigent

• Zero authority to provide direct individual services

Role of local/state government regarding healthcare:

provide public health services

Role of healthcare providers regarding healthcare

provide individual healthcare

In general, who finances the U.S. healthcare system, U.S. government, state government, non-governmental funds, individual patients, and/or consumers through private health insurance?

Individual patients and private health insurance

Medicare

• Federal insurance program for people 65 and older

• Run by HHS's Health Care Financing Administration

• Government pays hospital bills

Medicaid

• Federal-state cooperative health insurance plan for the indigent

• Many private facilities and physicians do not accept patients who have this plan because of low reimbursement or denial of payments for services provided

% of healthcare workers in all U.S. workers

10%

Leading causes of death in the U.S. by CDC

1. Heart disease

2. Cancer

3. COVID-19

4. Accidents

5. Stroke

6. Chronic lower respiratory disease

7. Alzheimer's disease

8. Diabetes

9. Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

10. Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis