Cognition

Memory

Indication that learning has persisted over time through storage and retrieval of information

Recognition

Selecting the correct answer from given options

Recall

Generating possible solutions and identifying correct answers

Encoding

Process of getting information into the brain

Storage

Retaining information over time

Retrieval

Process of getting information back out of the brain

Sensory Memory

Immediate recording of information in the memory system

Short-term Memory

Holds a small amount of information temporarily

Long-Term Memories

"Permanent" storage of memories that can fade

Explicit Memory

Conscious recall of information

Implicit Memory

Recall without conscious effort

Levels of Processing Model

Memories are deeply or shallowly processed

Procedural Memory

Memory of how to perform skills

Visual Encoding

Encoding of picture images

Acoustic Encoding

Encoding of sound

Semantic Encoding

Encoding of meaning

Mnemonic Devices

Memory aids, especially involving imagery and organization

Primacy Effect

Tendency to recall the first item in a list

Recency Effect

Tendency to recall the last item in a list

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall past events or memories

Constructive Memories

Recollections distorted by adding or changing details

Source Amnesia

Attributing the wrong source to an experienced event

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter important for memory

Cognition

Mental activities associated with processing, knowing, and understanding

Metacognition

Thinking about one's thinking

Concepts

Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

Insight

Sudden realization of problem solutions

Algorithm

Step-by-step problem-solving method

Heuristic

Simple thinking strategy for efficient problem-solving

Phonemes

Smallest sound unit in spoken language

Morpheme

Smallest unit in language carrying meaning

Grammar

Rules enabling communication

Syntax

Rules for combining words into sentences

Critical Period

Time where learning must occur or may never happen