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fermentation

Process of partial degradation by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen and organic molecules and yields ATP

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and oxygen to crest carbon dioxide, water, and energy (atp or heat)

redox reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another (aka oxidation-reduction reaction)

oxidation

substance suffers loss of electrons

reduction

substance gains electrons

NAD+

electron carrier that functions as an oxidizing agent in cellular respiration

electron transport chain

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons through a series of redox reactions

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in cytosol

citric acid cycle

completes the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondrial matrix

oxidative phosphorylation

ATP synthesis from redox reactions in inner membrane of mitochondria

substrate-level phosphorylation

The formation of ATP (glycolysis/CAC) by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate molecule

acetyl CoA

what pyruvate is converted to before entering citric acid cycle (after CO2 is released)

chemiosis

The energy released by electron transfer through the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into the intermembrane space

ATP synthase

protein complexes that allow H+ to cross the inner membrane, using exergonic flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP

proton-motive force

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient that promotes movement of protons across membranes downhill the electrochemical potential

alcohol fermentation

When pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps

lactic acid fermentation

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.

obligate anaerobes

use only fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2

facultative anaerobes

can use cellular respiration in the presence of O2 or fermentation when O2 is absent

beta oxidation

breakdown of fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA