Developmental Psychology Chapter 18

Major depression

________: mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self- derogatory, and bored.

Terminal decline

________: changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition- related pathology than to distance from birth.

Exercise interventions

________ can improve older adults processing speed.

Cholinesterase inhibitors

________ designed to improve memory and other cognitive functions by increasing levels of acetylcholine in the brain.

executive attention

Depression is linked to lower ________, memory, and language performance.

Neurofibrillary tangles

________: twisted fibers that build up in neurons.

Higher educational attainment

________ is strongly associated with older adults working memory.

Deterioration

________ in metacognition is linked to older adults life satisfaction.

Age related deficits

________ occur more often in prospective memory tasks that are time- based rather than those that are event- based.

Mitochondrial dysfunction

________ is an early event in alzheimers.

Patterns

________ of neural decline with aging are more dramatic for retrieval than for encoding.

Oxidative stress

________ occurs when the bodys antioxidant defenses dont cope with free radical attacks and oxidation in the body.

Dietary patterns

________ are linked to cognitive functioning in older adults.

Cardiovascular disease

________ is associated with cognitive decline in older adults.

Aerobic endurance

________ was linked to better working memory in older adults.

Mild cognitive impairment

________: risk factor for alzheimers.

prefrontal cortex

Aging of the brains ________ may produce a decline in working memory.

Greater distractibility

________ of older adults is associated with less effective functioning in neural networks in the frontal and parietal lobes (cognitive control)

Aerobic exercise

________ improves executive function in older adults.

Declines

________ in prospective memory occur more often in labs than in real- life settings.

self esteem

Secure attachment to God was linked to increased optimism and ________.

Bilingualism

________ may delay the onset of alzheimers.

organizational pressures

Workplace ________, financial security, and poor physical and mental health were antecedents of early retirement.

Selective attention

________: focusing on a specific, relevant aspect of experience while ignoring the irrelevant aspects.

Cognitive ability

________ is one of the best predictors of job performance in older adults.

moderate exercise

Engaging in mild or ________ was linked to improved cognitive functioning in older adults with chronic disease.

Executive function

________ in older adults increased their sense of control, which is associated with higher life satisfaction and positive affect.

Semantic memory

________: a persons knowledge about the world.

Antidepressants

________ are less effective with older adults.

physical fitness

Improving the ________ of older adults can enhance their cognitive functioning.

Retirement

________ increased the risk of having a heart attack in older adults.

Reminiscence bump

________: adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades.

older adults

Processing speed is an important indicator of the ability of ________ to continue to safely drive a vehicle.

Engagement

________ in physical activity in late adulthood was linked to less cognitive decline.

cognitive functioning

Changes in the brain can influence ________, and changes in ________ can influence the brain.

Older adults speech

________ is typically lower in volume, slower, less precisely articulated, and less fluent.

emergence of dementia

Slowing of processing speed is linked to the ________ over the next six years.

Non language factors

________ may be responsible for some of the declines in language skills that do occur in older adults.

Religious service attendance

________ was associated with a higher level of resilience in life and lower levels of depression.

Amyloid plaques

________: dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels.

Lower income older adults

________ are more likely to work in more physically demanding jobs, making it more difficult for them to continue working when they get old.

Younger adults

________ have better connectivity between brain regions than older adults do.

Family caregivers

________ health- related quality of life in the first three years after they began caring for a family member with alzheimers deteriorated more than their same age and gender counterparts who were not caring for an alzheimer patient.

Major depression

________ can result in suicidal tendencies.

Decline

________ in perceptual speed is associated with memory ________.

Older adults

________ are more likely than younger adults to use both hemispheres of the brain to compensate for declines in attention, memory, executive function, and language that occur with age.

cognitive functioning

When older adults engage in complex working tasks and challenging daily work activities, their ________ shows less age- related decrease.

Older adults

________ are less able to ignore distracting info than younger adults.

older adults

With simple vigilance: ________ perform as well as younger adults.

selective attention

focusing on a specific, relevant aspect of experience while ignoring the irrelevant aspects

divided attention

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

sustained attention

focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, etc

with simple vigilance

older adults perform as well as younger adults

complex

older adults performance usually drops

executive attention

planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, etc etc

explicit / declarative memory

memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state

episodic memory

retention of info about the details of lifes happenings

reminiscence bump

adults remember more events from the second and third decades of their lives than from other decades

semantic memory

a persons knowledge about the world

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

individuals cant quite retrieve familiar info but have the feeling that they should be able to retrieve it

terminal decline

changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth

major depression

mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored

symptoms

doesnt feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, is listlessness and unmotivated

second most frequent

vascular dementia

amyloid plaques

dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels

neurofibrillary tangles

twisted fibers that build up in neurons

mild cognitive impairment

risk factor for alzheimers

respite care

services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, individuals with illnesses, or the elderly

main treatment

administering drugs that enhance the effect of dopamine in the diseases earlier stages and later administering the drug l-dopa, which is converted by the brain into dopamine

treatment for advanced parkinsons

deep brain stimulation