Restorative Art - Chapter 4 Bones

“Oval” or “Egg Shaped”

The shape of the normal skull is?

2/3

The width of the skull is approximately ____the length

1/8

In the infant, the facial portions of the skull are ___ the area of the cranium

1/2

In the adult, the facial portions of the skull is about ___ the area of the cranium

The differences in skull sizes is due to:

1. Under-developed upper and lower jawbone

2. Absence of teeth

Birth to age seven

Children experience rapid growth from?

Seven to puberty

The growth of children slows from age?

Very Similar

Male and Female skulls are ______in development until puberty

1. Lighter & Smaller

2. Thinner

3. Less Pronounced

4. More

5. Smoother

6. Smaller

7. 10% Less

1. Female skull is ___

2. Walls are ___

3. Muscular ridges & Eminences are ____

4. ____rounded bones

5. Bones are ____

6. Upper & lower jaw & teeth are _____

7. The cranial capacity is about ____in area

Reduction

B/C of loss of teeth and absorption of the alveolar processes in old age, there is a ______ size of the upper and lower jaw, the length of the face, and the angle of the jaw

Bones of the skull are called ?

Flat bones- although none are completely flat

Sutures

Dentated processes which project from the boarder of each bone & lock into the adjoining bone

*Sutures

Bones of the skull are locked together by ______(the dentated process, which projects from the border of each bone and locks together)

Coronal

The suture between the frontal and parietal bones

Tendons and Muscles

The lower jaw/ mandible is held by ____NOT sutures. The only skull bone not joined by sutures

Osteology

The study of bones

The Cranium & the Face

The skull is divided into 2 major sections

The 6 external cranium bones are?

1. Occipital (1)

2. Parietal (2)

3. Temporal (2)

4. Frontal (1)

The 7 external cranium bones are?

1. Nasal (2)

2. Zygomatic (2)

3. Maxilla (2)

4. Mandible (1)

Occipital bone

Creates the lowest part of the base of the cranium, forms a cradle for the brain, and contains the foramen magnum (the most inferior & posterior part of the cranium)

Foramen Magnum

The large opening (in the occipital bone) for the spinal cord that is also used for restoration of decapitation

Occipital Protuberances

Jutting eminences that may be felt at the base of the occipital bone (prominence at the center of the occipital bone)

Parietal Bones (2)

The cranial bone that forms the superior portion of the side of the cranium, the posterior 2/3 of the roof of the cranium, and articulates with the temporal, occipital, and frontal bones

Parietal Eminences

The widest part of the cranium is between

The parietal eminences are located?

Just above the posterior border of the ear

Temporal Bones

The cranial bones that make up the inferior portion of the sides & base of the cranium. They are inferior to the parietal bones, and are anterior to the occipital bone (articulates inferior and anterior to the parietal bones)

Four structure that can be employed as guides in an ear replacement:

1. Zygomatic Arch

2. Mandibular Fossa

3. Mastoid Process

4. External Auditory Meatus

The Squama

The vertical portion of the temporal bone that is smooth, scale-like, convex, and thin. Impact on this area usually causes swollen and discolored eyes. It is an area for tissue building, also called the “Temporal Cavity”

The Squama of the temporal bone includes:

The Zygomatic Arch & the Mandibular Fossa

The Zygomatic Arch

Determines the widest part of the face; The processes on the Temporal & Zygomatic bones that aids in location of the ear (is part of the Temporal Bone)

2 equal parts

The Zygomatic Arch divides the length of the ear into

Maxilla

The Zygomatic Process is part of what bone?

Mandibular Fossa (Glenoid Fossae)

The small oval depression on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible articulates

Temporal bone

The mandibular Fossa is part of the?

Anterior

The mandibular fossa lies ____to the external auditory meatus and aids in the location of the ear

Buck-teeth

Dislocation of the mandibular fossa is possible as a correction for

The Mastoid Process

The rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bone just posterior to the lobe of the ear

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

The widest part of the neck

Mastoid Process

The SCM muscle attaches to the

External Auditory Meatus

The deep hole located in the inferior portion of the medial /3 of the ear on the anterior border; the primary structure for correct location of the ear

The Frontal Bone

The anterior 1/3 of the cranium that forms the forehead & anterior portion of the skull

Frontal Eminences

The frontal bone extends from the eye sockets to the level of the?

Crown

The vertical portion of the frontal bone is the?

2 Bones

At infancy the frontal bone is?

*Frontal Eminences

A rounded prominence on either side of the median line & a little inferior to the center of the frontal bone

Size and Prominence

The frontal eminences vary in?

Superciliary Arches

The inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eyebrows & lateral to the glabella

Glabella

Located between the superciliary arches and the inferior part of the frontal bone at the root of the nose (the eminence located between the eyebrows or the single boney prominence of frontal bone between superciliary arches and above the root)

Supraorbital Margins

The superior rim of the eye sockets

Line of the Temple

A raised curving ridge on the surface of the frontal bone that marks the end of the forehead & beginning of the Temporal Region

Frontal

The line of the temporal is part of what bone?

7

How many external bones of the face?

Zygomatic Bones

Diamond shaped surface that forms the cheek bone; also forms the inferior and lateral portions of the eye sockets

*Zygomatic Bones

The greatest width of the anterior plane of the face is measured between the?

Zygomaticofrontal Process

The lateral margin (rim) of the eye socket

Inferior Margin

The lower margin of eye sockets formed by cheekbone and a small part of the maxilla

Medial Margin

The portion of the eye socket formed by the frontal process of the maxilla

Nasal Bones

Directly inferior to the Glabella and it forms a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity

Triangular

The nasal bones are ______ in shape

Nasal Cavity

The cavity below the nasal bones (the orifice in the boney face bound by the margins of nasal bones)

Pear shape

The nasal cavity resembles a ?

Septum

Two cavities are divided by a cartilage called the?

Vomer Bone, Perpendicular Plate of the Ethmoid bone

The nasal septum is held together by the ______ and the _________

*Maxilla

The upper jaw. A paired bone with several processes that form the skeletal base of the most superior portion of the face and the roof of the mouth (the paired bones that form the face, roof of mouth, sides of nasal cavity, floor of orbit)

Nasal Spine

Where the two maxilla bones join together forms the

The Nasal Spine of the Maxilla

The sharp bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity

Columna Nasi

The cartilage covering of the Nasal Spine and is median of the nasal passage

Prognathism (maxillary)

Projection of the jaw or jaws

Frontal Process (of the maxilla)

The ascending part of the upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone. The ascending process of the upper jaw

Zygomatic Process (of the maxilla)

A small elongated triangular structure which joins the zygomatic bone along its medial margin

Palatine Process (of the maxilla)

The process which forms part of the hard palate of the mouth, part of the nasal cavity, and part of the orbital cavity

Alveolar Process

The thickest and most spongy part of the Maxilla. The ridge projecting from the inferior surface of the maxilla (and the superior surface of the mandible) which contains the sockets for the teeth (the inferior portion of the maxilla that houses the teeth)

16

The maxilla contains _____ teeth

4

The maxilla contains ______ incisors

2

The maxilla contains _____ canines

4

The maxilla contains _____ premolars (bicuspid)

6

The maxilla contains ______ molars

Mandible

The horseshoe shaped bone forming the lower inferior jaw and the largest singular bone of the face: _______ (NOT joined by sutures)

16 & 32

The mandible contains ______ teeth; the total number of teeth in the adult mouth ________

Body, Angle, & Ramus

The 3 Divisions of the mandible

Mental Eminence

A triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible (small triangular eminence at the median line of the chin)

Incisive Fossa

Area between the mental eminence & the inferior incisor teeth

*Alveolar Process

The ridge projecting from the superior surface of the mandible which contains the sockets for the teeth

Ramus

The vertical (ascending) portion of the mandible

Coronoid Process

Lies on the anterior surface of the ramus and has no influence on surface form

Condyle

The posterior process of the ramus which rests in a socket (the Mandibular Fossa) in the temporal bone (the portion of the mandible the articulates in the mandibular fossa)

The Angle

Formed by junction of the posterior edge of the ramus and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible. Forms the widest part of the jaw or widest part of the lower third of the face

Prognathism (mandibular)

Projection of the jaws beyond the upper part of the face

False

True or False: Buck teeth and prognathism is the same thing