MUSIC HISTORY TEST 3

Diverging Traditions

Musical developments and identities diverging in different regions, particularly in the 19th century.

Paris Conservatoire

An important institution in France, founded in 1795, central to music education and orchestral performance.

Société Nationale de Musique

Founded in 1871, it promoted French composers and works, reviving earlier French music.

César Franck

A Belgian-born composer and organist who became a prominent figure in French music during the late 19th century.

Thematic transformation

A technique used by Liszt and Franck, where themes are altered while retaining their basic identity.

Prelude, Chorale, and Fugue

A work by Franck that showcases Baroque styles while incorporating chromaticism and counterpoint.

Symphony in D Minor

César Franck's most popular symphony, recognized for its cyclic form.

Cyclic form

A compositional structure where themes recur throughout a work, often altered in character.

Gabriel Fauré

A French composer known for his contributions to song (mélodie), chamber music, and his distinct musical style.

La bonne chanson

A song cycle by Fauré, known for its innovative use of poetry and fragmented melodic lines.

Tchaikovsky

A prominent Russian composer whose works include operas, ballets, symphonies, and concertos.

Symphony No. 4

A symphony by Tchaikovsky with a cyclic structure symbolizing fate.

The Mighty Five

A group of Russian composers who sought to create a distinct Russian musical identity.

Borodin

A member of The Mighty Five, known for significant works in chamber music and symphonic forms.

Musorgsky

A notable Russian composer best known for his operatic and non-operatic works like 'Pictures at an Exhibition'.

Nadezhda von Meck

Tchaikovsky's patron who provided financial support during his career.

Edvard Grieg

A Norwegian composer who developed a distinct national style in his music, particularly in piano works.

Slavonic Dances

A series of dances by Dvořák, reflecting his use of folk themes and rhythms in classical forms.

Elgar

An English composer associated with the 'English Musical Renaissance' known for his symphonic works.

Theme and variation

A musical form that involves presenting a theme and altering it in subsequent iterations.

Folk music

Traditional music passed down orally within cultural groups, often reflecting their social and cultural experiences.

Moans and shouts

Vocalizations characteristic of African American musical traditions, especially in spirituals.

Syncopation

A rhythmic effect that involves accenting normally unaccented beats, common in African American music.

Tin Pan Alley

An area in New York City known for its music publishers and the production of popular songs in the late 19th century.

Call and response

A musical form often used in African American music, consisting of a leader singing or playing a phrase and a group responding.

Impressionism

A musical style characterized by mood, atmosphere, and evocation rather than strict form and structure.

Chorale

A type of musical composition or style that incorporates hymns, typically associated with sacred music.

Dances and marches

Common forms in band music, which blend serious and popular music styles.

Nationalism in music

The incorporation of national elements into musical compositions, expressing a sense of cultural identity.

Modal melody

Melody that utilizes modes other than the traditional major and minor scales, often used in religious or folk music.

Programs in music

The use of a title or descriptive outline to suggest the narrative context or thematic elements of instrumental works.

Orchestral color

The unique tonal quality produced by different orchestral instruments, creating a specific mood or ambiance.

Ritornello form

A musical structure featuring a recurring section, commonly used in Baroque concertos.

Romantic harmony

Harmonic language developed during the Romantic period, often characterized by chromaticism and expanded tonality.

Dissonance

The use of intervals or chords that create tension and a sense of conflict in music.

Cyclic return

The repetition of musical themes throughout a piece, creating cohesion and unity.

Aesthetic of simplicity

A principal characteristic of Fauré's work, focusing on clear, lyrical lines and restrained emotional expression.

Program notes

Written explanations provided for concert attendees about the music being performed, offering insights into the works.

Lyrical themes

Melodic ideas characterized by expressive and song-like qualities.

Innovative approaches

New methods or styles introduced by composers to refresh traditional musical forms and genres.

Django Reinhardt

A pioneering Sinti-Jazz guitarist known for his unique blend of jazz with traditional Romani music.

Mélodie

A French art song, a significant genre for composers like Fauré that emphasizes piano and vocal collaboration.

Texture in music

The way musical lines and elements are combined, which influences how a piece is perceived.

Chamber music

A form of classical music composed for small ensembles, emphasizing interplay between instruments.

Folk songs

Songs that originate within the culture of a particular community, often passed down through generations.

Symphonic poems

Orchestral works intended to evoke a story or theme, often associated with Romantic composers.

Dichotomies

Contrasting concepts or categories that highlight differences, such as old versus new.

Musicology

The scholarly study of music, particularly historical music.

Revival of past music

A renewed interest in and performance of historical musical works.

Brahms

a leading German composer known for his symphonies and personal style.

Wagner

a German composer known for his operas and ideas on musical drama.

Nationalism in music

A movement where composers draw inspiration from their native folklore and cultural heritage.

Absolute music

Music that is not explicitly about anything; purely instrumental.

Program music

Instrumental music with a narrative or descriptive intention.

Classical versus popular music

The distinction between serious, composed music and informal, often improvised music intended mainly for entertainment.

Piano Concerto No. 1

A significant orchestral work by Brahms, composed in D Minor.

Ein deutsches Requiem

A major choral work by Brahms, featuring a German text based on the Old and New Testament.

Symphony No. 1

Brahms's first symphony, notable for its C minor to C major transition and lyrical elements.

Symphonic poems

Orchestral works designed to convey a narrative or story, often associated with Liszt.

Thematic transformation

A compositional technique where a theme is developed and altered through variations.

Hungarian Romani style

A musical style that incorporates elements of Hungarian folk music.

Chaconne,

A form characterized by variations over a repeated bass line.

Developing variation

A principle used by Brahms where musical ideas are constantly transformed throughout a piece.

Lied

A type of German song, typically for solo voice with piano accompaniment.

Opus

A term used to denote a work or collection of works by a composer, often abbreviated as 'Op.'

Romanticism in music

A music period characterized by emotional expressiveness and individualism.

Choral music

Vocal music composed for multiple singers, typically in parts.

Dichotomy between tradition and innovation

The tension or conflict between maintaining traditional forms and exploring new styles.

Concertizing

Performing in concerts as a musician or group.

Folklore,

The traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, often inspiring composers.

Violin Concerto in D Major

A significant violin work by Brahms, ranked alongside Beethoven's.

Romantic composers

Composers during the Romantic era who emphasized emotional experience and personal expression.

Instrumentation

The arrangement of musical instruments in a composition.

Art songs

Songs composed with consideration for literary text and vocal expression.

Baroque influences

Musical elements derived from the Baroque period, often seen in Brahms's works.

Symphonic structure

The framework and organization of symphonic compositions.

Contrapuntal lines

Multiple independent melody lines that create harmony when played together.

Harmonic palette

The range and variety of harmonies used in a musical work.

Cecilian movement

A movement in church music advocating for a clearer expression of liturgical texts.

A German Requiem

Brahms's choral work that prioritizes the experience of grieving and comfort.

Opera

A theatrical work combining music, singing, acting, and often dance.

Chromatic harmony

Harmonies that include notes outside the standard scale, often used for emotional effect.

Piano sonatas

Solo piano compositions typically structured in several movements.

20th century influences

How the developments and trends of the 20th century affected later compositions.

Folksongs

Songs that have originated in folk culture, often passed down orally.

Lieder cycle

A set of related songs designed to be performed in sequence.

Theme and variations

A musical form consisting of a theme followed by a series of variations.

Melodic spans

The range or extent of melodies in a piece of music.

Chorale-like themes

Melodies structured similarly to hymns or choral music.

Ritornello form

A musical structure consisting of a recurring theme or refrain.

Folk-inspired melodies

Melody lines that draw from traditional folk music elements.

Romantic Lieder

Songs from the Romantic era characterized by expressive melodies and deep texts.

Self-critical nature

A tendency in an artist to critically evaluate or doubt one's own work.

Orchestral techniques

Methods and approaches applied in orchestration and orchestral composition.

Ambiguity in meter

Uncertainty or fluidity in the perception of musical meter.

Audience engagement

The interaction and behavior of audience members during a performance.

Tonal relationships

The connections between different musical tones and their functions within harmony.

Broad melodic appeal

Melodies crafted to resonate with a wide audience, often through simplicity.

Musical adaptation

The process of modifying existing works to fit different contexts or ideas.

Symbolism in music

Using musical elements to convey deeper meanings or represent ideas.