Reconstruction+Jim Crow

1863: First Reconstruction Plan, Ten Percent Plan

• revel stated could establish new state governments

• union would recognize as legitimate under one condition: ten percent of voters who had been qualified to vote in 1860 had to take an oath to support the Constitution, the Union and the Emancipation

• He wanted new governments to “recognize and declare
  the permanent freedom of the salve and provide for their education

Ten Percent Plan effect

• no one gave the opportunity for black men to vote

• people didn’t participate in elections

1864: Wade Davis Plan

• unofficial plan

• only allowed reconstruction when a majority of its white male voters took loyalty to the oath

1865: Thirteenth Amendment

• the abolishment of slavery

1865: “Freedmen’s Bureau”

• intended for it to be a smooth transition of southern society away from slavery

• Planned to provide assistance to people in poverty, establish schools for former slaves, encourage masters to start their former slaves as laborers

1865: Death of Abraham Lincoln

• VP Andrew Johnson gets elected

• He was a democrat from Tennessee

• Owned slaves but help freed slaves

• Was a military governor

1865: Presidential Reconstruction Begins

• Removed legal disabilities placed on them for having participated in a rebellion

• They had to reject secession, repudiate their war debts, and ban slavery in their state constitutions

• Ratify the 13th amendment

• Republicans were troubled because they didn’t actually have a change in heart

• ratifying 13th amendment just because they had to in order to get their rights back

Black Codes

• it subverted the intent of the Thirteenth Amendment

• Black Codes Varied from state to state but placed severe restrictions on the economic liberty of free blacks

• ex: black people had to sign yearly labor contracts or pay a tax in order to work certain jobs

1866: Civil Rights Bill

• Freedmen were citizens

• all black people got the same civil rights as white men

• Johnson Vetoed this bill because it was “in favor of the colored and against the white race”

• Congress overrode this veto making this the first major piece of federal legislation

• back in forth of veto and overriding

14th Amendments

• black citizenship

• no state can enforce a law that discriminates again people of color

• presidents cannot veto a constitutional amendment

• no southern states adopted the last part except for Tennessee in which they were rewarded

1866 Mob

• white mob attacked a republican sponsored constitutional convention in New Orleans

• mob murdered at least 34 blacks

Radical Reconstruction: Military

Congress put 10 former Confederate states under Union Army control, with 20,000 federal troops stationed there.

Only male citizens who had never broken an oath to uphold the U.S. Constitution could vote.

Voters could reject the new government but would stay under military rule.

If they agreed, all delegates had to swear they had never broken an oath to the Constitution.

The new state constitution had to be:

1. Ratified by voters in a referendum.

2. Approved by Congress.

Once approved, the state could elect a governor and legislature, which then had to ratify the 14th Amendment.

When enough states did this, making the 14th Amendment part of the U.S. Constitution, the state could send representatives to Congress and be officially reconstructed.

1869: Black Suffrage (15th Amendment)

Giving black people the ability to vote

Disenfranchising ex confederates

• too politically controversial to last long

• Democrats did everything in their power to restore voting rights

1867: Tenure of Office Act

• law forbade the president from dismissing any official who had been approved by the senate without agreement

1867 Act: No color restriction on who could vote for or serve as delegates to the constitutional conventions

• first large group of black elected officials in American history

• backbone of the Republican Party in the south

1868 to 1877: Interracial Southern Republican Coalition

• established the first government funded public school systems in the south

• enacted laws banning many forms of racial discrimination, and promoted economic development

• raised taxes

• they argued a lot

• lots of political corruption

• Southern whites refused to recognize their governments as legitimate

The effects of Interracial southern Coalition

• families publicly snubbed and insulted

• children beat up

• loss in business

• banks refused to give them loans

• their children were beat up at school

• lots of white violence

KKK Act of 1871

• federal courts for the first time, jurisdiction over civil rights crimes by individuals, including attempts to violate black voting rights

• allowed the president to use military force to suppress any “organized and armed” group that threatened the government with violence

• thousands of KKK members were indicted , hundreds went to jail, and the army was sent in to restore order

• Klan was effectively broken

1874 congressional elections

• democrats won control of the House of Representatives for the first time since before the civil war

• Democrats won control of the House of Representatives

• Republicans passed civil rights act because they knew that black rights would NOT be prioritized

1874: “White leagues invade capital

• lots of violence

1875: Democrats seize control of Louisiana legislature

• army was sent

• led to political backlash

• grant was scared that military interventions were not good

Georgia 1899

• black guy accused for killing his employer and raping the employers wife.

• he was captured by a mob and taken to the town of Newnan

• Lynched him

• Poured kerosene and burned him alive

Jim Crow: Red Shirt groups

• populists and republicans fused together and won stunning electoral gains 1896

• eradicating black political participation and restoring Democratic rule through and intimidation

• armed barricade blocking black voters from entering the town to vote in the state election

1890 to 1908 disfranchisement

• passed laws requiring voters to pass literacy tests

• poll taxes

“Lost Cause” religion

• glorified confederacy and romanticized Old South

• confederate monuments

• Novels written to describe the KKK as heroic defender