APES-Unit 8: Aquatic & Terrestrial

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211 Terms

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Cyanide

________ is intentionally poured onto piles of mined rock to chemically extract gold.

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feather oil

Seabirds ingest their _________ while preening, damaging their kidneys and livers.

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agglomerations

Dispersants, sorbents, and detergents disperse, absorb, or clump oil into sinking gel-like ________.

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photodegrades

As the plastic _____ into smaller and smaller pieces, it remains as plastic polymers leaching toxic chemicals into the upper water column.

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disintegrates

As the plastic further _______, it becomes small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms and birds near the ocean’s surface and eventually enters the marine food chain.

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Urban Runoffs

These are the major source of urban flooding and water pollution in urban communities worldwide. It also creates:

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High CO2

________ levels also make it difficult for fish to use the limited amount of oxygen present in the water and to discharge the CO2 in their bloodstream.

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Low CO2

______ levels also result in a decreased rate of photosynthesis.

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Heavy metals

These metals are non-biodegradable and can cause decreased reproductive rates and birth defects.

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5.0 to 8.5

Most bodies of water have the highest biological diversity when the pH is near 7, with natural waters having pH values from ________.

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5.5 to 6.0

Fresh rainwater may have a pH of ________ due to carbon dioxide dissolving in the water, making a weak carbonic acid solution.

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total dissolved solids

High levels of _______ (TDS) can affect water clarity and photosynthesis and lead to a decline in the quality and taste of drinking water.

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10-15

Wood can take ______ years to decompose.

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10-30 days

Paper decomposes in ______, while glass does not decompose.

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1 million

Some plastics can take up to ______ years to decompose.

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2-5 months

Cotton and cloth can take _____ to decompose.

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Toxic or hazardous

_____ wastes are often exported from developed countries to developing countries.

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geologic repositories

Salt dome and bed formations, underground caves, and mines are _________.

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100-500 years

Metals decompose in ________.

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Water pollution

It is the contamination of water bodies

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Point source pollution

Release pollutants from known locations, such as discharge pipes, that are regulated by federal and state agencies

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Non-point source pollution

A combination of pollutants from a large area rather than from specific identifiable sources

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Thermal Pollution

The degradation of water quality by any process that changes ambient water temperature

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Cultural eutrophication

It is the process whereby human activity increases the amount of nutrients entering surface waters

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Nitrates

These are water-soluble and are found in fertilizers, which can remain on fields and accumulate, leach into groundwater, or end up in surface runoff and cause algal blooms in surface waters, resulting in decreased dissolved oxygen levels

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Phosphates

These are also a component of fertilizers; however, they are not water-soluble, and they adhere to soil particles

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Disease-causing microorganisms

Such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, can result in swimmers getting sick and shellfish becoming contaminated

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Great Pacific Garbage Patch

A large system of rotating ocean currents of marine litter in the central North Pacific Ocean and is characterized by high concentrations of floating plastics, chemical sludge, and other debris that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre

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Great Patch

Formed as a result of marine pollution gathered by oceanic currents as the gyres rotational pattern drew in waste material from across the North Pacific Ocean

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Persistent Organic Pollutants

These are organic (carbon) compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical or biological processes or decomposition due to light

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Water quality

Refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water and is a measure of the condition of the water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and/or to any human need or purpose

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Water testing

It is a broad description for various procedures that are used to analyze water quality

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Alkalinity

It measures the sum of the bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions in the water, which raise the pH

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Ammonia

When found in natural water, is regarded as an indicator of pollution

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Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

It gives an approximation of the level of biodegradable waste in water

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Carbon Dioxide

Aquatic vegetation, ranging from phytoplankton to large rooted plants, depends upon carbon dioxide and bicarbonates in the water for growth

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Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

If its level is too low, it indicates possible water pollution and shows a potential for further pollution downstream because the ability of the stream to self-cleanse will be reduced

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Coliforms

These are a form of bacteria that are found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals; their presence in lakes, streams, and rivers is a sign of untreated sewage in the water

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Fecal coliforms

They can get into the water from untreated human sewage or from farms and runoff from animal feedlots

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Nitrate

This gets reduced to nitrites, which can be harmful to humans and fish

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Nitrite

Occurs in water as an intermediate product in the biological breakdown of organic nitrogen being produced either through the oxidation of ammonia or the reduction of nitrate

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Phosphates

These are essential nutrients for aquatic plants, but only in very low concentrations

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Total hardness

It measures the total concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the water

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Turbidity

It is a measure of how light is scattered in the water column due to solids that do not dissolve but are small enough to be suspended in the water

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Absorption

When one substance enters completely into another

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Adsorption

When one substance just hangs onto the outside of another

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Disinfection

Using chemicals and/or cleansing techniques that destroy or prevent the growth of organisms that are capable of infection

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Filtration

Removes clays, natural organic matter, precipitants, and silts from the treatment process

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Flocculation sedimentation

A process that combines small particles into larger particles that then settle out of the water as sediment

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Ion exchange

Removes inorganic constituents and can be used to remove arsenic, chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates, radium, and uranium

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Gland

An organ that secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings

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Endocrine System

A network of glands that make the hormones that help cells communicate with each other and is responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in both humans and animals

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Endocrine disruptors

These are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine or hormonal systems and can cause behavior, learning and developmental disorders, birth defects, cancerous tumors, and loss of fertility

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Bisphenol A (BPA)

Used in plastic manufacturing and epoxy

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Dioxins

By-product of herbicide production and paper bleaching, and released during burning wastes and wildfires

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Phthalates

Used to make plastics more flexible

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

Used to make electrical equipment, heat transfer fluids and lubricants

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Wetland

It is a place where the land is covered by water, which can be freshwater, saltwater, or brackish water

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Mangrove

A shrub or small tree that grows in slightly salty (brackish) water formed by seawater mixing with freshwater in estuaries

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Bioaccumulation

It is the increase in the concentration of a pollutant within an organism

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Biomagnification

It is the increasing concentration of a substance in the tissues of organisms at successively higher trophic levels within a food chain

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Municipal solid waste (MSW)

More commonly known as trash or garbage-consists of everyday items that are used and then thrown away

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Hazardous Wastes

Paints, chemicals, pesticides, etc

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Organic Wastes

Kitchen wastes, vegetables, flowers, leaves, or fruits

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Radioactive Wastes

Spent fuel rods and smoke detectors

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Recyclable Wastes

Glass, metals, paper, and some plastics

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Soiled Wastes

Hospital wastes

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Microorganisms

Are used to break down biodegradable material and sewage sludge in the absence of oxygen

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Incineration

A waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained in waste materials and the conversion of the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat

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Global waste trade

It is the international trade of waste between countries for further treatment, disposal, and/or recycling

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Ocean dumping

The deliberate disposal of municipal and/or hazardous wastes at sea

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Sanitary landfills

Method of waste disposal where the waste is buried either underground or in large piles, and where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe

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Reducing

Lessening the number of hazardous wastes by substituting and using products that are more "Earth-friendly."

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Freon®

Its molecular structure contains chlorine, which seriously degrades the stratospheric ozone layer

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Puron®

Substitutes fluorine for chlorine, and has less of an impact on the stratospheric ozone layer

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Radioactive wastes

Usually a by-product of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission, such as research and medicine

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Low-level radioactive wastes

Contain low levels of radiation and remain dangerous for a relatively short time

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High-level radioactive wastes

Contain high levels of radiation and remain dangerous for a very long time

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Reactive wastes

These are wastes that are unstable under normal conditions

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Source-specific wastes

These are wastes from specific industries

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Teratogens

These are substances found in the environment that can cause birth defects

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Toxic wastes

These are wastes that are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed

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Landfill capping

A containment technology that forms a barrier between the contaminated media and the surface, protecting humans and the environment from its harmful effects and limiting its migration

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Hazardous waste landfills

Excavated or engineered sites for the final disposal of non-liquid hazardous waste are selected and designed to minimize environmental release

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Permanent storage

Isolates hazardous waste from the environment by condensing or concentrating it

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Surface impoundments

These are natural topographic depressions, man-made excavations, or diked areas that are used for temporary storage and/or for the treatment of liquid hazardous waste

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Injection wells

These stores fluid deep underground in geologically stable, porous rock formations, such as sandstone or limestone, or into or below the shallow soil layer

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Waste piles

These are non-containerized piles of solid, non-liquid hazardous waste that are used for temporary storage or treatment

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Reduction and cleanup of hazardous wastes

These can occur by producing less waste, converting the hazardous material to less hazardous or nonhazardous substances, and placing the toxic material into perpetual storage

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Brownfield

It is land that was previously used for industrial or commercial purposes, may have been contaminated with hazardous wastes, and is commonly found in large urban areas

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Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming?
A) Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture
B) Change in global patterns of precipitation
C) Extinction of some species that have narrow temperature requirements
D) Decreased rate of photosynthesis in vegetation
E) Increased frequency of hurricanes

Decreased rate of photosynthesis in vegetation

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Of the following, which is the most serious immediate problem associated with sanitary landfills?
A) Generation of gas
B) Leachate contamination of groundwater
C) Release of disease organisms
D) Incomplete degradation of wastes
E) Compaction and settling

Leachate contamination of groundwater

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Ozone in the stratosphere is important to organisms at Earth's surface because ozone molecules are very strong absorbers of
A) infrared rays
B) ultraviolet rays
C) microwaves
D) visible light rays
E) x-rays

ultraviolet rays

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Characteristics that tend to increase the risk of a species becoming endangered include which of the following?
I) Having a very limited distribution
II) Being a specialist at the end of a long food chain
III) Having a small population size

I, II and III

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Global warming is most likely to directly cause which of the following?
A) Shifting of grain belts toward the equator
B) Falling sea levels in the Southern Hemisphere
C) Coastal flooding and submersion of low-lying areas
D) A decrease in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere
E) An increase in the number and size of glaciers

Coastal flooding and submersion of low-lying areas

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Why do introduced species often become pests?
A) They displace native species.
B)They increase biodiversity.
C) They do not adapt well to local habitats.
D) They contribute to habitat fragmentation.
E) They have low biotic potential.

They displace native species.

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Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to which of the following?
A) Reduction in species diversity
B) Stabilization of microclimates
C) Decreases in the proportion of edge habitat
D) Increase in gene flow within species
E) Increase in population size of top carnivores

Reduction in species diversity

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Which of the following human activities is most closely associated with depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer?
A) Mining of coal
B) Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners
C) Heating of homes and factories
D) Generation of electricity
E) Agricultural irrigation

Disposal of refrigerators and air conditioners

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Which of the following is an important contributor to both global warming and ozone depletion?
A) An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide to higher-than-preindustrial levels
B) A buildup of methane in the stratosphere to higher-than-preindustrial levels
C) An increase in the levels of ultraviolet radiation reaching Earth's surface
D) An increase in the amount of infrared solar radiation absorbed in the troposphere
E) A release of chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere

A release of chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere

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Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following air pollutants.
(A) Sulfur dioxide
(B) Lead
(C) Ozone
(D) Hydrocarbons
(E) Particulates
Is the major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove from power-plant smokestack emissions

Particulates