Bioenergetics!

metabolism

net sum of all anabolic and catabolic processes

catabolism

breakdown of biological macromolecules

anabolism

building up of biological macromolecules

what are the 5 uses of ATP!

active transport, enzyme regulation, substrate activation, energy source, and DNA synthesis

ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically favorable because the _____________ of ____________ groups help __________ ______________

hydrolysis of phosphate groups helps minimize repulsions

ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically favorable because _____________ ________________ undergoes _____________ _________________

inorganic phosphate undergoes resonance stabilization

ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically favorable because the _____________ of the terminal _________________ makes it more ________

unprotonation of the terminal phosphate makes it more stable

phosphate groups are _______ energy, so breaking them does what?

high energy, so breaking them produces energy!

redox reactions

involve the transfer of electrons from one element to another

oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

a period represents?

standard state conditions

chemical reactions can be ___________

coupled!

an apostrophe represents?

non standard state conditions

when concentrations are no longer at 1M, it is assumed?

you are not under standard state conditions

food —————→ _______ + ________ + ________

ATP + H20 + CO2

H20 and CO2 are considered?

waste products

food is a ___________ form of carbon

reduced

CO2 is a _______________ form of carbon

oxidized

in chemical bonds, electrons are shared ____________ between two different atoms

unequally

the more EN atom pulls _______________ towards ______________

electrons towards themselves

_____________ and _____________ always win the “war” for electrons!

oxygen and nitrogen

_____________ always loses the “war” for electrons!

hydrogen

to calculate the oxidation number:

number of valence electrons - number of electrons owned

H has how many valence electrons?

1

C has how many valence electrons?

4

N has how many valence electrons?

5

O has how many valence electrons?

6

S has how many valence electrons?

6

alkanes are the most ____________

reduced

carboxylic acids are the most _____________

oxidized

put them in order from most reduced to most oxidized:

alkane, alcohol, aldehyde, carboxylic acid

metabolism involves many different types of ___________ ___________

electron carriers

NAD+ ————→

NADH (reduced)

NADP+ ——————> 

NADPH (reduced)

NAD+ is usually involved in reactions that?

convert C-OH (reduced) to C=O (oxidized)

FAD (oxidized) ————————→

FADH2 (fully reduced)

FAD carriers use vitamin ____

B2

FAD is usually involved in reactions that?

convert C-C (reduced) to C=C (oxidized)

Q

fully oxidized

Q is ___________, can move into _____________

hydrophobic; membrane

QH2 is _____________

fully reduced

Q is involved in the ____________ ____________ ____________! in mitochondria converts it to ______________!

electron transport system; power!

____________ can also transport electrons

proteins

cytocrhomes

proteins with iron containing heme

standard reduction potentials

values that describe the tendency of a molecule to be reduced (gain electrons)

standard reduction potential is characterized by __________

E

oxidant

electron acceptor

reductant

electron donor

the ___________ gets “______________”

reductant gets flipped