Cell Specialization and Stem Cells

A collection of key vocabulary terms related to cell specialization and stem cells, derived from lecture notes.

Fertilization

The fusion of gametes (sperm and ovum) to form a zygote.

Zygote

A totipotent stem cell formed by fertilization.

Stem Cell

Undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate into specialized cells.

Totipotent

Stem cells that can differentiate into all cell types, including embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues.

Pluripotent

Stem cells that can differentiate into almost all cell types but not into extra-embryonic tissues.

Multipotent

Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of related cell types.

Cell Differentiation

The process by which stem cells develop into specialized cells by expressing specific genes.

Stem Cell Niche

A specific area in the body where stem cells are maintained or stimulated to differentiate.

Morphogens

Gene-regulating chemicals that influence the development of specialized cells based on their concentration gradients.

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

A mathematical relationship that dictates that as cells grow, their volume increases faster than their surface area, affecting material exchange.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Pluripotent stem cells derived from the blastocyst, capable of giving rise to all cell types but not to an embryo.

Adult Stem Cells

Multipotent stem cells found in adult tissues, responsible for replenishing dying cells and repairing damaged tissues.

Cell Size

Specialized human cells vary in size; for example, sperm are the smallest, and ova are the largest.

Scientific Model

A simplified representation of complex systems used to study relationships, such as surface area and volume in cells.

Potency

The ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialized cell types.

Cell Specialization

The process where generic cells are modified to perform specialized functions within an organism.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Multipotent stem cells in the bone marrow that can differentiate into all types of blood cells.