UCI INTL ST 14 Final (with Hardt)

Terrorism

The use of indiscriminate or targeted violence to achieve a political goal

State Terrorism

Terrorism of a state against its own citizens

-Cold War

Terrorism by Non-State Actors

Ex. The global reach of Al Qaeda

- After Cold War

Terrorism: Domestic => Global

-1800s: Groups relied on railroad and telegraph

-Impact rarely went beyond state borders

-Goal was internal change

-Used revolvers, small bombs

Terrorism: Shift to Transnational

-Expansion of commercial air travel

-Availability of news coverage

-Low-cost recruitment and access to large audience

-Political and ideological causes converged

-Cheap access to international communication

Trends in Terrorism: 1980s and Post Cold War

-Fewer but more deadly attacks

-Increases in suicide bombing

- Fewer resources for Marxist-Leninist groups

-Proliferation of Militant Islamic groups

Terrorism and Islamic Extreamism

*Cultural*

Huntington and "clash of civilizations" = violence to

defend Westernization and materialism

*Economic*

Defense against Western economic imperialism

Alienation and disparities in less developed countries

*Religious*

New terrorism as an explanation for global jihad

International: Combating Terrorism

Prevention: Multilateralism and Diplomacy Peacebuilding and Aid in post-conflict states

Preemptive War

A war that is commenced in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived imminent offensive or invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in an impending (allegedly unavoidable) war shortly before that attack materializes.

Preventive War

A war initiated to prevent another party from acquiring a capability for attacking. The power being attacked has either a latent threat capability or has shown through its posturing that it intends to follow suit with a future attack.

Trafficking

Three parts to definition: Act, Means, and Purpose

Trafficking: Supply and Demand

**Supply:

-Easily replaceable supply

-Recyclable humans

-Global inequality increases supply

-Complicity of law enforcement

-Globalization and development of technology lowered the cost

**Demand:

-Constant demand of humans

-Cheap products

-Gender inequality as root cause

Who is involved in anti-trafficking?

States

IOs

INGOs

-Amnesty International

-Half the Sky

Local NGOs (in sender countries)

Local NGOs (in the US)

-Orange County Human Trafficking -Task Force

-Community Services Program

-California Against Slavery

-CAST

Effects of Washington Consensus

-Promotion of neoliberal economic policies

-Minimalist state and enhanced role of the market

-GOAL: Economic growth (and reduction of poverty)

Millennium Development Goals

UN program to encourage improved conditions in

developing countries

Poverty: Traditional Approach

Traditional: A situation where people do not have the money to buy adequate food or satisfy other basic needs and are often classified as un- or underemployed.

-Not enough food

Poverty: Alternative Approach

Alternative: Emphasis not only on money but also on spiritual values, community ties, and the availability of common resources.

-World hunger exists not because there is not enough food, but because of distribution.

Modernization theory

Economic growth leads to (Western) Modernity

Bretton Woods

Guiding belief: Great Depression helped to cause WWII

International economic system needs new leadership

Bretton Woods institution-prevent future catastrophes

Rebuild European economy

IMF, World Bank, GATT, Marshall Plan, and dollar standard

But what is the "Bretton Woods" and who participated?

Conference in New Hampshire

Bretton Woods System: The IOs

International Monetary Fund

Stabilizes exchange rates

Linked to US dollar

Us Dollar was pegged to a fixed price of gold (till 1971)

Assistance for countries facing short term liquidity crisis

Tradition: Head of IMF is not from the U.S

Has gotten a lot of criticism because of the way it's decision making process is set up, western representation after WWII, decisions are made regarding loans are driven by the countries that have the money to pay into the IMF

Richer countries are the ones with more decision power in the IMF

Bretton Woods Debates 1960s-1980s

**Political arguments**

Leaders of independent states seek sovereign equality

Spreading global wealth makes all equally poor

**Moral arguments**

Rich should help the poor

Poor should just work harder, save more

Bretton Woods: Global South Perspective?

Perpetuate cycle of colonialism

Structural Adjustment Program requirements mandated by

impersonal bureaucrats of the World Bank and IMF

Biased voting system

Liberal international economic order

Favored small group of developed Western states

Decolonization: focus of reconstruction shifted by

post-World War II Europe and former colonies

Washington Consensus

**Effects**

Promotion of neoliberal economic policies

Minimalist state and enhanced role of the market

Goal: economic growth (and reduction of poverty)

International Monetary Fund (IMF): Stabilization of economy. Loans.

World Bank: Development.

GATT (WTO): Free trade. Elimination of trade barriers.

Critical View of Development

Development should be need oriented, endogenous,

self-reliant, ecologically sound, and based on structural

transformation

HDI

Income

Health

Education

Hunger: The Orthodox Approach

Malthusian Idea: Human populations will outstrip the

food supply, leading to famine, war, and so on

Reality: Population growth over the next half-century

occurring in the third world

Orthodox solution? strict family planning

Critics of the orthodox approach say...

Examine social, political, and economic ways that humans

distribute food

The Entitlement Approach

How can food production go up but hunger be widespread?

FAO estimates that there is enough grain alone to feed

everyone in the world 3,600 calories

International Political Economy

What drives and explains events in global economy

New Approaches to IPE

Political economy

Focuses on groups within states

Institutionalism

States interact with other states to curb free-riding

Constructivism

Decisions are informed by historical and political

context

Whose interests are embodied by the system?

The Globalization Debate in IPE

-Is globalization undermining the role of states?

Deterritorialization

Liberalization

-The global skeptics

Globalization is nothing new

-New constraints on states

Does globalization only seem "new" because it raises nontraditional issues regarding markets and

trade?

International Monetary Fund

Stabilizes exchange rates

Linked to U.S. dollar

U.S. dollar was pegged to a fixed price of gold (till 1971)

Assistance for countries facing short-term liquidity crises

Tradition: Head of IMF is not from the United States

IBRD / World Bank

Goal: Rebuild Europe from the damage of the war

Development assistance for other economies

With decolonization of European empires, economic

development became the primary goal

Tradition: Leader is from the United States

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

U.S. Senate objections stopped the International Trade

Organization

GATT replaced it (1947)

Goal: Lower tariff rates, forum for multilateral tradedeals

Small secretariat, based in Geneva, Switzerland

International Institutions: World Economy

Coordinate international trade problems

New reasons to cooperate

(BUT realists counter that institutions are still created by states)

Trade Balance

Trade deficit: Importing more than we are exporting

Tariffs v. Non-Tariff Barriers

Tariff- Tax on imports, protectionist

Non-Tariff Barriers- Makes trade a bit difficult but without posing a tax. They can be either protectionist or non protectionist ex. Quotas, inspections, licensing

Economic Sanctions( punishment)

Punishment that will affect the economy of another country's economy with the goal to change state behavior

Global Trade

Increases in transborder trade

Activities beyond international boundaries

A single process widely dispersed

Key term: global sourcing

Supranational trade

activities transcending national territory

Often occurs in SEZs, FPZs

Takes place outside of the control of any one state

Effects of Global Trade

Transborder marketing of brand name products

-Nike

-Starbucks

-Blackberry/RIM

-IKEA

Partial discouragement of protectionism

E-commerce

Global Finance

Spread of transborder currencies

Distinctly supraterritorial denominations

Digital cash

Global credit cards

Effects of Global Finance

Reshaped banking

-Growth of supraterritorial deposits

-Loans

-Branch networks

-Electronic fund transfers

Continuity and Change in Globalization

Uneven spread of trade and finance across regions and

circles of people

-Often widened material inequalities within and

between countries

-Territorial geography still important

Impact: Globalization's Ecological footprint

Positive Effects?

Technology

Negative Effects?

Industrialization, products require the development of more companies which contributes to pollution

Global Actors in Environmental Politics

MNCs

NGOs

IOs

Epistemic communities

A community of experts, think tanks, universities

But who is missing?

States can also have a direct impact on environmental politics

Collective Action problem

leads to freeriding

Public good

a special type of public good, non-rivalrous, one individual's consumption of a good will not reduce the availability for another person to consume that good, and non-excludable, Individuals can not be excluded

Public bad

The same thing as a public good, but a bad thing.

Ex. Pollution

Pollution is a "Public Bad" for Global Commons (common areas/resources that are outside of national sovereignty ex. Ocean water)

Two-level Game

International level

Domestic Level, Constituents

A Brief History of Cooperation

1972 Stockholm Conference → UN Environment Programme

1987 Montreal Protocol → Protection of Ozone Layer

2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development

-Emphasis on poverty, clean water, sanitation, and agricultural

improvements

Limits of Cooperation

1997 Kyoto Protocol - 37 countries

-Agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions

2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change

-"strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by

keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

How would you describe the global economy today?

a. Global recession

b. Global stagnation

c. Global recovery

d. Global depression

Your textbook describes the US role in negotiating the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which would have eliminated 18,000 trade barriers. Since your textbook was published, however, the United States has withdrawn from TPP negotiations. Why did the US change its position?

The Obama administration viewed the TPP as an opportunity to strengthen US exports and US consumer access to cheaper goods, whereas the Trump administration viewed the TPP as an agreement that would lead to job losses in the US.

Critics suggest that ________ MNCs and encourage those MNCs to move jobs overseas.

most free trade agreements favor

The Bretton Woods system established a/n:

International political economic system

Which of the following is NOT one of the four aspects of globalization as outlined in the text?

Liberalization.

Internationalization.

Internalization

Deterritorialization.

Internalization

Which term best describes economic decision-making in China?

State capitalism

Applying IR theory, liberal institutionalists would argue that economic institutions like the WTO have ___________.

Contributed to a decrease in wars among states.

What has been the consequence of liberalization for the global economy?

increased trade among states

increased foreign investment

growth in private industries and a decrease in publicly-funded industries

all of the above

all of the above

The Marshall Plan was

a program of financial and other economic aid for Europe after WWII

The _______ tradition of IPE focuses on the ability of international institutions to increase trade on the open global market.

Liberal

Who (or what) can be a member of the WTO?

States

As Greece's debt crisis heightened in 2015 (and banks actually closed), international _______ meant that the crisis affected the economies of other states that were also part of the European Union. (See the picture and caption on p. 318, which refers to the Greek debt crisis.)

interdependence

What era saw a nearly 40-year wave of protectionism?

1914-1950

The ________ is the broadly adopted neoliberal approach that advocates the privatization of state-owned industries and the idea that the market should govern decisions about allocation, production, and distribution of goods.

Washington Consensus

Which of the following words does NOT describe protectionism?

Tariffs

Non-tariff barriers

Unrestricted trade

Domestic subsidies

Unrestricted trade

The government policy of discouraging imports through the creation of tariffs and non-tariff barriers is called:

Protectionism

Before the international monetary system used the dollar standard, what international monetary system was used?

Gold standard

Economic globalization often causes _________ within and between states.

Wage stagnation and growth in inequality

Give an example of how globalization has constrained the state's ability to impact the global economy.

States have less control over the performance of their economies because of the ease with which foreign investors can contribute or withdraw investments.

Which organization brought major reductions in customs duties, quotas, and other measures that previously hindered the cross-border movement of goods?

GATT (now called the WTO)

Which IR theory views the global economy as an overarching structure of knowledge, ideas, and institutions within which competition takes place?

Constructivist.

Why is it difficult for states to stop human trafficking from occurring? Your answer should state a reason, cite at least one expert source (e.g. Shelly, Moland, Karns textbook or Stephanie Taylor's talk) and provide a definition of the term "human trafficking".

Definition Three Parts: Act, Means, Purpose

Ex. Transportation, Deception/Threat/Use of Force, Exploitation

Moland: "For those at the end of the trafficking chain, human trafficking is almost the perfect business"

-Supply is constant, large numbers of people crossing countries and borders looking for better opportunities

-Costs are low, most likely include an initial one-off investment to "buy" the victim

Supply and Demand: Constant demand for humans, easily replaceable

Imagine that you work for the World Trade Organization and you happen to be at a party. Someone asks you to explain why the benefits of removing trade barriers are worth the costs. What would you say?

If we remove trade barriers other countries will be more willing to remove trade barriers as well, allowing us more opportunities to sell US products abroad.

Identify one of the ongoing controversies concerning the United States' declared War on Terrorism. Discuss both sides of the debate.

War on Terrorism

-Military response to act of war

-Unilateral action

-Preemptive war v. Preventive War

-Aggressive pursuit of terrorism at home and abroad

War on Terrorism: Death of Osama Bin Ladin

The End of the War on Terrorism

-Weakened Al Qaeda, Bin Ladin seen as a martyr

-Suicide terrorism

War on Terrorism: Targeted Killings

Civilian Casualties → Costs of War

- US national interests

- International Law

- Human Rights Cases

The number of deaths related to war has been in the decline for decades. Is International Humanitarian Law still useful? Why or Why not? Your answer should cite an example of International Humanitarian Law. (Note: You are being graded on your ability to make a coherent argument - not whether your answer is yes or no.)

Identify and explain one critique of the definition of a refugee according to the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.

The Convention defines as a refugee a person:

(who) owing to (a) well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.

The definition for a refugee defines a refugee as someone who has already escaped their home country, without taking into account people who are still within their home country and are seeking refuge.

The definition of a refugee brings up the question of what a "well founded fear" is. For example, what about hunger?

Question of responsibility.