Anatomy

Directional Terms

Proximal:Close to the trunk/body

Distal:Farther from the trunk/body

Superior: Toward the top of the head

Inferior:Toward the feet

which position of body

Anterior:Front of the body

Which position of body

Posterior:Back of the body

Lateral:Away from the midline (outside)

Medial:Toward the midline of the body

Abduction: Movement away from the midline

Adduction: Movement toward the midline

Extension: Straightening/increasing a joint angle

Flexion: Bending/decreasing a joint angle

Patient Positioning

What position should a patient with a suspected spinal injury never be placed in?

Prone

What position is used when a patient has no suspected spinal injury and needs airway protection?

Recovery position (on the left side)

What position helps a patient with labored breathing?

Fowler's position

Skeletal System - Divisions

What two things make up the skeletal system?

Bone and connective tissue

What does the axial skeleton include?

The trunk (skull, spine, thorax)

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

The limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvis

Skull

How many major bones make up the cranium, and what are they?

7: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital (plus others)

What does the cranium protect?

The brain

How many bones make up the face, and name a few

14 bones, including the maxilla, mandible, and nasal bones

What is the foramen magnum?

The hole at the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord passes through

Spine

How many bones (vertebrae) make up the spinal column?

33

What is C1 called?

The atlas

What is C2 called?

The axis(alphabet order, so this one is lower)

What are the 5 sections of the spine, in order top to bottom?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Which spinal section corresponds to the neck?

Cervical

Which spinal section corresponds to the chest?

Thoracic

Which spinal section corresponds to the abdomen/low back?

Lumbar

What is the sacrum?

The fused section near the tailbone

What is the coccyx?

The tailbone

Thorax

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

The heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

How many pairs of ribs are there?

12

What is the manubrium?

The upper part of the sternum

What is the xiphoid process, and why does it matter?

The lower tip of the sternum — it's easy to break, e.g., during CPR

Joints and Connective Tissue

What is a joint?

The point where two bones come into contact

What's the general relationship between joint mobility and stability?

Low mobility = high stability, and high mobility = low stability

Give an example of a hinge joint and describe its motion

The elbow — one range of motion (bend/straighten)

Give an example of a ball-and-socket joint and describe its motion

The shoulder — multidirectional movement, high mobility but low stability

What connects bone to bone?

Ligaments

What connects muscle to bone?

Tendons

What is cartilage?

A connective tissue that cushions joints

Upper Extremities

What is the glenohumeral joint, and what's it known for?

The shoulder joint — the most commonly dislocated joint

What is the collar bone also called?

The clavicle

What is the shoulder blade also called?

The scapula

What is the upper arm bone called?

The humerus

What are the two forearm bones?

The radius and the ulna

What are the wrist bones called?

Carpals

What are the bones between the wrist and fingers called?

Metacarpals

What are the finger bones called?

Phalanges

Pelvis

How many hip bones make up the pelvis?

2

What three bones fuse to form each hip bone?

Ischium, pubis, and ilium

Which pelvic bone connects to the pubis?

The ischium

Which pelvic bone connects to the sacrum?

The ilium

Why is the female pelvis wider than the male pelvis?

To accommodate childbirth

Lower Extremities

What is the thigh bone called, and where does it articulate with the pelvis?

The femur — at the acetabulum

What are the two lower leg bones?

The tibia (shin) and fibula

What is the kneecap called?

The patella

What are the ankle bones called?

Tarsals

What are the bones between the ankle and toes called?

Metatarsals

What are the toe bones called?

Phalanges

Skeletal System Physiology

Name four functions of the skeletal system

Gives shape to the body, stores calcium, helps create blood cells, allows for movement

Muscle Types

What type of muscle attaches to bones and allows voluntary movement?

Skeletal (somatic/striated) muscle

What type of muscle makes up the heart, and is it voluntary or involuntary?

Cardiac muscle — involuntary, contracts continuously

What type of muscle lines blood vessels, and is it voluntary or involuntary?

Smooth muscle — involuntary

Musculoskeletal System Functions

Name four functions of the musculoskeletal system

Gives form, maintains upright posture, allows movement, protects vital internal organs

What is a byproduct of muscle contraction and relaxation?

Heat

Respiratory System - Upper Airway

List the upper airway structures in order

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What is the epiglottis, and what does it do?

A leaf-shaped flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing

What is the larynx, and what does it divide?

The voice box — the dividing line between the upper and lower airway

What is the thyroid cartilage commonly called?

The Adam's apple

What does the cricoid cartilage do?

Forms a complete ring — the first ring of the lower airway

Respiratory System - Lower Airway