GENERAL CHEMISTRY (1st mastery)

kinetic molecular model

Describes the properties of solids and liquids in relation to:

Intermolecular forces

Kinetic energy of individual particles

intermolecular forces

What keeps the molecules intact?

covalent

Bonding that involves sharing of electrons of nonmetals.

ionic

Bonding involves donating electrons of metals to nonmetals

metallic

Bonding that involves metallic cations and delocalized valence electrons.

solid

Particles are in order

solid

Particles vibrates a little/slow

solid

Particles are strongly attached

solid

Does not flow

solid

Has definite shape and volume

liquid

Particles have much kinetic energy/move fast. Slide past one another.

liquid

Particles are weakly attached.

liquid

Has indefinite shape but has definite volume

liquid

flow

incompressible

both solid and liquid are ___

intramolecular forces

Forces that hold atoms in a molecule.

Bonding between atoms.

intermolecular forces

Forces that hold molecules in a substance.

Molecular polarities.

intramolecular forces

Determine the chemical behavior of a substance.

Chemical bonds.

intermolecular forces

Determine the state of matter and its physical properties.

Attractive forces.

dipole-dipole forces

Exist between POLAR molecules.

Polar Molecule + Polar Molecule

dipole

two poles; uneven distribution of charge creating two poles (slightly positive & slightly negative)

polar molecules

Electrons are not equally shared.

One part of the molecule is slightly negative compared to the other side.

nonpolar molecules

There is an equal sharing of electrons.

There is no slightly negative or slightly positive side of the molecule (no poles)

ion-dipole forces

acts between an ion and a polar molecule.

Example: 𝐂𝐥𝟏− dissolves in Water

hydrogen bonding

A dipole-dipole interaction that exists only in molecules that contain HYDROGEN bonded to N, O, F

london dispersion force

Exist between all atoms and molecules.

Force that acts on non-polar molecules.

viscosity

Ability of the liquid to flow or the internal friction of a moving fluid

surface tension

Property of liquid to resist external force

boiling point

is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the external or atmospheric pressure

polar molecules

Dipole-dipole interactions occur between __

B

Which of the following molecules exhibits hydrogen bonding?

A. CO₂

C. CH₄

B. NH₃

D. HCl

ion-dipole forces

What IMF exists between Na⁺ and H₂O?

london dispersion

Which IMF is present in all molecules?

C

Which statement is correct about polar molecules?

A. They have an even distribution of charge

B. They only have London forces

C. They have permanent dipoles

D. They never form hydrogen bonds

stronger intermolecular forces

The viscosity of a liquid increases with ___

C

Which property is affected MOST by intermolecular forces?

A. Density

B. Color

C. Boiling point

D. Atomic mass

Hydrogen bonding

It involves highly electronegative atoms like N, O, or F

dipole-dipole forces

Which intermolecular force acts between two polar molecules?

london dispersion forces

Which IMF has the weakest force of attraction?

weaker

Intermolecular force is ___ than intramolecular force.

FALSE

London dispersion forces are stronger than hydrogen bonds.

FALSE

Hydrogen bonding is a type of intramolecular force.

TRUE

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction.

FALSE

Gases have stronger intermolecular forces than solids.

increases

Surface tension ___ as IMF strength increases.

TRUE

Molecules with hydrogen bonded to fluorine exhibit hydrogen bonding.

TRUE

Weak IMFs lead to low surface tension.

Intermolecular Force

What do you call the force of attraction between molecules?

London dispersion force

What intermolecular force is present between two nonpolar molecules such as oxygen (O₂) or nitrogen (N₂)?

intermolecular force

What do you call the force of attraction between molecules?

hydrogen bonding

What IMF occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen?

london dispersion force

When you smell perfume across the room, the particles are able to move through the air due to weak forces between molecules. What force is responsible for this?

hydrogen bonding

strongest force of attraction in intermolecular forces.

Hydrogen Bonding

Water beads up on a car window after rain because of the strong attractive force between water molecules. What type of IMF causes this?

Ion-dipole forces

Salt dissolves easily in water because the positive and negative ions are attracted to the polar water molecules. What type of IMF is this?

london dispersion force

When dry ice (solid CO₂) sublimes, it goes straight to gas due to weak intermolecular forces. What specific IMF is responsible for this?

dipole-dipole force

HCl molecules attract each other because of their polarity. What type of IMF holds HCl molecules together?

london dispersion force

When mixing oil (nonpolar) with water (polar), they don't mix due to different intermolecular forces. What type of IMF is dominant in oil molecules?

cohesive force

is the attractive force between molecules of the same substance.

adhesive force.

is the attractive force between molecules of different substance.

cohesion

causes the formation of water drops when it rains.

adhesion

causes the drops to cling to other surfaces.

cohesion, nonpolar

stronger ____ of water molecules than its adhesion to a ____ surface will retain the water's spherical shape.

adhesion, polar surface

If there is stronger ____ of water molecules to a ___, this allows water to spread and interact with the surface

surface tension

It is a property of liquid to resist external force.

It is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.

viscosity

It is the measure of tendency to resist flowing motion

viscous, free-flowing

____ - also referred as "thick" or if it is ____, also called as "thin".

strength of IMF, size/shape of the molecule, temperature

factors affecting viscosity

vapor pressure

It is the measure of the "escaping" tendency of molecules to go from liquid to the vapor state.

The pressure exerted by the gas in equilibrium with a liquid in a closed container at a given temperature.

equilibrium

If the rate of the evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation, the vapor pressure is in ____

normal boiling point

is the temperature at which liquid boils at a pressure of 1 atm

100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit)

boiling point of water at sea level

93.4 degrees Celsius (200.1 degrees Fahrenheit)

boiling point of water at 6250 feet

heat of vaporization

It is the amount of heat required to vaporize one mole of a substance at its boiling point.

+100 degrees Celsius

boiling point of water

+440 degrees Celsius

boiling point of fructose

+697 degrees Celsius

boiling point of sucrose

+78.37 degrees Celsius

boiling point of ethanol

+300 degrees Celsius

boiling point of olive oil

-0.5 degrees celsius

boiling point of butane

-161 degrees Celsius

boiling point of methane

40.7 kilojoules

To vaporize one mole of water, _____ of heat energy is required.

capillary

It is the rising of a liquid in a narrow tube caused by cohesive forces and adhesive forces

amorphous solid

Pseudo solids.

It is any non-crystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern.

atoms vibrate in place in more random arrangements.

crystalline solid

are those in which the atoms, ions, or molecules that make up the solid exist in a regular, well-defined arrangement

unit cell

The smallest repeating pattern of crystalline solids. are like bricks in a wall—they are all identical and repeating.

ionic

type of crystalline solid that have ions at different point lattice (ionic bonding)

molecular

have a discrete covalent bonded molecule on its lattice points. (ex. Water Ice) (Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole-Dipole, London Dispersion)

metallic

have a metal atom on its lattice points. (ex. Copper & Gold) (metalic bonding)

network

have a non-metal atom on its lattice points. (ex. Diamond) (covalent bonding)

group 8A

have noble gases on its lattice points. (ex. Solidified Helium)

vapor pressure

It is the measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor state

viscosity

It is the ability of the liquid to flow or the internal friction of a moving fluid.

amorphous solid

It has considerable disorder in their structure.

crystalline solid

It has highly regular arrangement of particles.

ionic solid

It has ions at different point lattice

molecular solid

It has a discrete covalent bonded molecule on its lattice points.

metallice solid

It has a metal atom on its lattice points.

network

It has a non-metal atom on its lattice points.

group 8A

It has noble gases on its lattice points.