Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms

Flashcards for reviewing Eukaryotic Cells and Microorganisms lecture notes.

When did the first eukaryotic cells appear on earth?

2 to 3 billion years ago

What did the last common ancestor give rise to?

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

What features are found in all eukaryotic cells?

Cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and vacuoles.

What features are found in some eukaryotic cells?

Cell wall, locomotor appendages, chloroplasts, glycocalyx, and centrioles.

What is the function of the Glycocalyx?

Protection and adherence to surfaces, strengthen cell surface, helps attach cells together, contribute to cell-cell recognition.

What is the function of the cell wall in fungi and algae?

Provide structural support and shape

What is the fungal cell wall composed of?

Chitin (fungi) or cellulose (algae & plant)

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane?

Selectively permeable barrier and transporting nutrients in and waste and other products out

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Site for ribosomal RNA synthesis

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Production of sex cells

What is the purpose of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Proteins held for packaging and transport

What is the purpose of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

Site of protein modification and transport

What is the purpose of Lysosomes?

Involved in intracellular digestion of food and protection against invading microorganisms

What is the purpose of Vacuoles?

Contain fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored

What is the function of Mitochondria?

Supply the bulk of the energy of a cell

What is the function of Chloroplasts?

Converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis

What is the function of Cytoskeleton?

Anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, permitting shape changes and movement

Give examples of Macroscopic fungi?

Mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

Give examples of Microscopic fungi

Molds, yeasts

Is yeast unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular

Is mold unicellular or multicellular?

Multicellular

What does it mean to be heterotrophic?

Acquire nutrients from a wide variety of substrates

What are Saprobes?

Obtain substrates from dead plants and animals

What are Parasites?

Live on the bodies of living animals or plants

What is the fungal cell wall composed of?

Polysaccharide called CHITIN

What is Mycelium?

The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold

What is Septa?

Cross walls dividing hyphae into segments

What are Spores?

Fungal reproductive bodies

What is Vegetative (Mycelia) responsible for?

Responsible for visible mass of growth that appears in the surface of substrate & penetrates it to digest & absorb nutrients

What is Reproductive/Fertile responsible for?

Responsible for the production of fungal reproductive bodies called spores

How is Sporangiospores Formed?

Formed by successive cleavages within a sporangium attached to a stalk called sporangiophore

What are Conidiospores or Conidia?

Free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac

What is Plasmogamy?

Haploid nucleus of a donor cell penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell

What is Karyogamy?

The donor and recipient cell fuse to form diploid zygote nucleus

What is Meiosis?

Diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei (sexual spores), some of which maybe genetic recombinants

What is Zygomycotina (or Zygomycota)?

Conjunction fungi- saprophytic molds that have coenocytic hyphae (aseptate)

What is Ascomycotina (or Ascomycota)?

Sac fungi which include molds with septate hyphae, some yeast and some fungi that cause plant diseases (e.g., Dutch Elm disease)

What is Basidiomycotina (or Basidiomycota)?

Club fungi, process septate hyphae

What is Deuteromycotina (or Deuteromycota)?

Contains fungi having no mode of sexual reproduction, or in which the mode of sexual reproduction is not known

What is Yeast?

Eukaryotic, single-celled organism (unicellular) that lack mycelia

What does mold grow in the form of?

Cytoplasmic filaments or hyphae that makes up the mycelium of the mold

What role do Fungi have in nature?

Essential role in decomposing organic matter & returning essential minerals to soil

Give one example of medical conditions caused by Fungi?

Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)

What is Protist?

Any eukaryotic, unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues

What is Algae?

Group of photosynthetic organisms

What are Characteristics of Algae?

Unicellular, colonial, filamentous organism

What is Thallus/Thalli?

The body of a multicellular alga (seaweed)

What are Diatoms?

Are tiny, unicellular algae that live in both freshwater and seawater

What are Dinoflagellates?

Are microscopic, unicellular, flagellated, often photosynthetic algae

What is Euglena?

Possesses features present in both algae and protozoa

What is RED TIDE?

Overgrowth of motile algae imparting a brilliant red color to the water

What is Protozoa?

Eukaryotic organisms that together with algae are classified in the kingdom PROTISTA

What are Protozoan Form and Function?

Single cells containing all major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplasts

What is Trophozoite?

Motile, feeding, dividing stage

What is Cyst?

Dormant, resting, survival stage

What is Conjugation?

Form of genetic exchange between two cells wherein they exchange micronuclei giving rise to new & different genetic combination

What is Parasitology?

Study of protozoa and helminths

What are Pathogenic Flagellates: Trypanosomes?

Long, crescent-shaped cells with a single flagellum

What are Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)?

Thin segmented body plan, dorsoventrally flattened

What are Roundworms?

Long, cylindrical, unsegmented body

What are Cestodes/ Tapeworms?

Long, ribbon-like arrangement

What are Trematodes/ Flukes?

Flat, oval bodies, leaf-shaped with ventral & oral sucker

What are Nematodes/Roundworms?

Cylindrical and tapered at each end

What causes a very common infestation of the large intestine?

Enterobius vermicularis

What are the Classification criteria for Helminth?

Shape, size, degree of development of organs, presence of hooks, suckers, other special structures., mode of reproduction, kinds of hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae