AP ii test 3 study guide

I might kms

what does the urinary system filter

blood

what does the urinary system regulate

water

blood volume

blood ionic composition

bloods pH

what does the urinary system produce (hormones)

erythropoietin and renin

Which vitamin is active by the urinary system

Vitamin D (calcium absorption)

What process is started by the urinary system

Gluconeogenesis

Urine formation and blood composition adjustment involves which processes?

glomerular filtration

tubular resorption

tubular secretion

Kidney location

retroperitoneal in the superior lumbar region

how big are the kidneys

12 cm long and weigh 150g

external kidney anatomy consists of…

renal fascia

perirenal fat capsule

fibrous capsule

renal hilus

what does the Renal Fascia do

Anchors kidney to surrounding structures

what does the perirenal fat capsule do

cushions kidneys

what does the fibrous capsule do

Protects kidneys from surrounding tissue and adrenal glands

what is renal ptosis/nephroptosis

loss of the adipose capsule due to weight loss or damage

what happens to the kidneys with ptosis

they drop to a lower position

what happens to the ureters with ptosis

they can become kinked and urine backs up

what is hydronephrosis

pressure builds up in the kidneys and they fail

what is the internal anatomy of the kidneys

cortex

medulla

renal pelvis

what does the cortex look like

grey and granular

what does the cortex contain

nephrons and renal columns

what are nephrons

filtering units

what do the renal columns do

separate medullary pyramids

what does the medulla contain

renal pyramids

papillae

minor calyx

major calyx

what do renal pyramids contain

urine collecting tubules

what is the papillae

pointed area where the pyramids end

what does the minor calyx do

collects urine

what does the major calyx do

combines the minor calyxes

what does the renal pelvis do

collects urine and is continuous to the ureter and eventually bladder

what are the two nephrons

cortical

juxtamedullary

cortical

barely loops into medulla

juxtamedullary

loops deeply into the medulla and is responsible for water conservation

2 parts of the nephrons

renal corpuscle

renal tubule

2 parts of renal corpuscle

glomerulus/glomerular

glomerular capsule

glomerulus/glomerular

fenestrated capillary

glomerulus capsule (Bowmans)

delivered filtrate to renal tubule

renal tubules

basement membrane with simple layer of epithelial cells

proximal convoluted tubule

most absorption occurs here

nephron loop

descending loop

ascending loop

descending limp

water only

ascending loop

solutes only

distal convoluted tubule

fine tunes solute

collecting duct

concentrates or dilutes the urine according to the body’s needs

capillary beds

glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

glomerulus

specialized for filtration, high pressure in afferent arteriole

peritubular capillaries

extension of the efferent

vasa recta

straight capillaries important in concentrating urine

renal arteries

supply blood either to the left or right

interloper arteries

brings blood through the renal columns and between renal pyramids

arcuate arteriole

an arch between the medulla and cortex

afferent arteriole

carries blood into each nephron

glomerular capillary

where exchange takes place

efferent arteriole

carries blood out of glomerular capillaries

peritubular arteriole

carries blood out of glomerular capillaries

peritubular capillaries

surronds tubular parts of nephron

peritubular venues

go from arcuate vein to interloper veins

3 layers of the filtration membrane

fenestrated endothelium

basement membrane

visceral membrane

fenestrated endothelium (filtration membrane)

in glomerular capillary, allows all plasma components besides blood cells to pass

basement membrane

between the fenestrated endothelium and visceral membrane

visceral membrane

this and the podocytes stop most proteins from entering

mesengial cells

can contract and change the surface area for exchange in the capillary

usable solutes must be absorbed in

the tubules

filtrate

blood plasma without the proteins

urine

mostly metabolic wastes and unneeded solutes

how much of 180L blood derived fluid processed by kidney leaves as urine

1.5L

the 2 pressures of glomerular filtration

HPg

passive, nonselective process forcing fluids and solutes into the filtration membrane

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) and Capsular pressure (HPc) function

opposes hydrostatic pressure

net filtration pressure equation

HPg – (OPg + HPc)

glomerular filtration rate

total Amt of filtrate formed per min by the entire kidney

Avg glomerular filtration rate

125 mL/min

Glomerular filtration rate is based on…

the surface area of the filtration membrane

membrane permeability

net filtration pressure

what regulates the glomerular filtration rate

renal autoregulation

sympathetic control

hormonal control

types of renal auto regulation

myogenic

juxtaglomerular apparatus

myogenic auto regulation

when elevated blood pressure stretches to arterioles

what does myogenic auto regulation do

constricts arterioles

decreases glomerular filtration rate

takes seconds

what does myogenic autoregulstion does with low blood pressure

dilation of arterioles

increased glomerular filtration rate

juxtaglomerular apparatus

tubuloglomerular feedback

consists of juxtaglomerular cells and macula dense

juxtaglomerular cells

mechanoreceptors, sense blood pressure, secretes renin

macula densa

chemoreceptors that sense solute content

will cause dilation or constriction in afferent arteriole

stimulation of extrinsic control or sympathetic nervous system causes was

NE release which causes vasocontriction

when is the extrinsic control/ sympathetic nervous system most effective

excersizing or when hemorrhaging occurs

renin angiotensin system

renin released by juxtaglomerulus cells because of low BP

what does renin produce

angiotensin ii

what is angiotensin ii

potent vasoconstrictor or afferent and efferent arteriole

the renin angiotensin system triggers the release if which hormone

aldosterone and ADH

the renin angiosterone system decreases what

peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure allowing fluid back into peritubular capillary

the surface area of glomerular ca