AP U.S History - Unit 2: Revolution

What were the French colonies in North America

Quebec

Who were the French in conflict with in the Americas and why was the conflict damaging to French interests

The iriquois confederation - because it inhibted their growth in North America

What was the political make up of French colonies in North America

Royally controlled

Autocratic

No free trials

No assemblies

Why did less colonists from France move to New France compared to the English colonists moving to the English colonists

Because their was no major economic incentive to move to the colonies compared to the English colonies - no religious reasons either

What was the main economic tool of New France

The beaver trade - valued for their warmth and fashion

Who were Coureruers de Bois

French fur trappers

Did the French attempt to convert the natives to catholicism

Yes, French Jesuits did attempt to but usually failed, the natives were much more important however to exploration

Why did French explorers seek to empire build in the Americas

They wanted to thward England and Spain from gaining territory and encroaching on the valuable Fur trade

Who were two French explorers involved in Empire building

Antoine Cadillac - stopped the English from expanding into the Ohio valley

Robert de la Salle - Expanded into Louisiana and stopped the Spanish from expanding

What was King William’s War and what did it entail

It was a part of the greater nine years war and involved a series of gureilla campagins between English and French settlers

What was Queen Anne’s War and what did it entail

It was a part of the great War of the Spanish Succession, and involved a series of gureilla campaigns between colonists

What was the aftermath of Queen Anne’s War

Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson bay are handed over to Britain

Britains power grew in North America

What was King George’s War and what did it entail

A part of the greater war of the Austrian Succession it was a series of gureilla campagins between colonists and included professional millitary campagins

Why did the conclusion of King George’s War lead to rising tensions between New Englanders and Parliament

During the war, the colonists had captured the fort of Louisberg after a hard fought siege, but at the peace treaty it was given back to France - the colonists thought all there work had gone to wase and that the English weren’t thinking in the interest of the colonists

What did these colonial wars make the colonists realise

They couldn’t just rely on Britain for protection - colonists started to create their own local millitas

Why were the colonists more willing to bear the burden of empire building

because as they continued to push into the Ohio valley river they would come more into conflict with the French and natives, they were willing to bear this for their future economic prosperity

Why was their competition over the ohio valley between the English and French

because the English wanted to expand into the valley to gain more economic prosperity, while the French wanted to maintain control over the fur trade

In 1749 what did the powerful famalies of Virginia secure

500,000 acres in ohio country

What were the French constructing in the Ohio valley and why

Forts to stave off British settlers and protect their economic trade

In 1754 what did Virginain colonists send George Washington to do and what happened

To secure the land that they had gained, while approaching the area he came into contact with the French and beat off a smal force before being put under siege and a hastily constructed Fort Nessecity - Washington was then forced to surrender and had to retreat

Why did the British uproot the French Arcadians in 1755

They feared a stab in a back if there were to be future conflict with France

What was the French and Indian War

It was the North American theatre of the Seven Years War (1754-1763) - which saw conflict between allied Britain and Prussia against France, Spain, and Austria

What was the main failing of the French in North America

They were so focused on the European theatre that they often struggled to send supplies to north America

How had the colonies been disunited in previous conflicts, and in this conflict

Similair to the previous conflicts, colonies and colonists far off from the war weren’t as inclined to support the war financially, millitarly, or politically

What was the Albany Congress (1754) and what was its significance

• It sought to draw in the Iriquois confederation into the war on the side of the British

• Helped foster colonial unity and defence against the French

• The council put forth the idea of colonial home rule but was rejected

What was the propoganda slogan Join or Die and what was its significance

It was put forth by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany congress that called for colonial unity against the French threat and that without unity the colonies would be overrun

Who was Edward Braddock and what was his main blunder

He was a British general (European trained, unsuited to the terrain of north America) who was put in control of a regular and millita force and tasked with taking Fort Duquese - failed and was routed by a much smaller French force

Who were the regulars

British soldiers

Who were the Buckskins

Millitamen

What did Braddocks blunder mean for the colonies

Most of them were unprotected and open to invasion

Why did the British invasion of Canada fail (1756)

It was too spread out and the forces couldn’’t take the main forts

Why were the colonies so exposed during the French and Indian War

Because of a lack of colonial unity and poor millitary planning

How did the acsession of William Pitt save the North American campaign

• Stopped British assaults on the French West indies - draning valuable resources

• Organized British attacks in Canada to be concetrated on Montreal and Quebec

• Replaced old and incompetent generals with young generals

Who was James Wolfe

Young British general put in command in the war

What was the significance of the Battle of Quebec (1759)

The British led by James Wolfe, defeated the French and started to drive them out of America - marked the turning point of the war

What did the 1763 Treaty of Paris entail

France sceded all of North America to Britain - solidfying British dominance of North America and the World

Following the conclusion of the French and Indian War why were the colonists emboldend

• Learned valuable insights from the professional British millitary

• Faced the brunt of the war so felt invincible

What myth did the French and Indian war shatter for the American colonists

That the British were invincible - Braddocks retreat

What was the British attitude towards the colonists

• Britain considered the Americans as amatuers - officers in the colonial army not being allowed to hold a title higher than captain

• Britain also considered many of the colonists as the “scum of the Earth”

What did the colonists believe they represented

The best of British culture and deserved respect for defending and serving the empire

What did the colonists desire without actually fufilling the duties

The rights of being an Englishman

How did unity start to develop following the French and Indian War and the war of independence

Interactions from people from different colonists saw shared values and beliefs being reached

Following the defeat of France in America what did the colonists gain

A much greater degree of independence as they didn’t have to rely as much on Britain

What was Pontiacs uprising (1763)

Seeing the consolidation of British power the Ottowa chief Pontiac staged an uprising to inhibit British colonists spreading into the Ohio valley - the British responsed by spreading small pox into the camps greatly weakning the tribe

What was the significance of Pontiacs rebellion

It convinced the British to station soldiers in the colonies to protect their newly acquired land but the colonists had to foot the bill

What was the Proclamation of 1763

It barred settlers from settling beyond the Appalachian mountains - while it didn’t opress colonists it was meant to deal with the issue of the natives

What was the response of the colonists to the Proclmation of 1763 and its significance

Many colonists were angered believing that it was their right to colonise this new land - many settled anyways - started the growth of discontent with the British colonists

Why was America seen as a place of change

It wasn’t burdened by the social order of Europe

What was Mercantilism

Economic theory that espoused the idea that there was a set amount of wealth in the world - to get stronger a nation had to maximize its exports and minimize its imports

What mercantile policies did the British impose on the colonists

Navigation acts - goods could only be shipped to England on English ships

Molasses acts - crack down on tade with foreign nations

Why was their a currency shortage in America

because the colonies bought more than what they sold to Britain because of Mercantilism - this led to strife with Parliament

What did the currency shortage cause the colonies to start to do

They started printing money - which was prohibited by parliament - prohibited following complaints from British merchants

How were the colonists able to still benefit from Britains mercantile policies

• Smuggling was very present and British mercantlie laws were only lossely enforced

• They enjoyed monoplies in British markets

• Given protection by Britains navy

What was the impact of mercantile policies on the colonists

It not only made them reliant on British creditors, they were forced to trade in only British markets therefore not maximizing their profits - it was seen as only serving the mother country and not actually benefitting the colonies

Why did Prime Minister Greenvile want to raise taxes on the colonies

Because it had 150 million pounds in debt from the Seven years war - the war had been seen as Britain protecting its colonies so they should pay for their protection

What acts did the British introduce to tax the colonies and what did they entail

• Sugar acts (1764) - increased duties on foreign sugar

• Quartering acts (1765) - required certain colonies to provide shelter and food for British soldiers

• Stamp tax (1765) - increased the price of many goods

Why was the Stamp tax seen as just by the British

English citizens had to pay triple the amount of tax and the colonists were repaying Britain for protecting it

What was the colonies reaction to these taxes

Saw this as a erosion of their civil liberties and they believed that Britain shouldn’t decide the taxes without representation

Why did the colonists not actually want representation in parliament

because if they were represented in parliament a bill could be easily passed to place taxes on the colonists

What were admiraly courts and the reaction of the colonies

Those who didn’t comply with the acts passed by parliament would be tried without a jury outside of the colonies - these courts set the precedent of guilty till proven innocent - which was seen as unjust

What did the colonists concede the right for parliament to do and what did they deny parliament the right to do?

Conceded: the right to legislate matters that affected the whole empire such as trade

Denied: The right to establish taxes - only the colonial legislatures could do that

What was the idea of virtual representation

That while not directly represented the colonists were “virtually represented”

What was the Stamp Act Congress and its significance (1766)

Delegatese from nine colonies met to discuss and make a list of their grievences to send to the King - while it was largely ignored it represented growing colonial unity

What were the nonimportation agreements and what was its significance

A boycott on British goods which united Americans into common action - people from different classes came together to participate

Who were the sons of liberty and daughters of liberty

They were groups that were dedicated to enforcing nonimportation agreements often through violent measures - tarring, ransacking, and confiscating

What did the nonimportation agreements lead to a break down in

It led to a break down in collecting taxes

What occured when the Stamp act was actually implemented

The acts were completely nullified from the nonimportation acts

What happened to Britains economy due to the nonimportation acts

It was heavily hit - merchants, manufactuers, and labourers lost work because half of British shipping was dedicated to American trade

What happened to the Stamp Act in 1766

It was repealled

What was the Dellatory act

Following the fiasco of the response to the Stamp act it reaffirmed Parliaments complete control over the colonies in regards to anything

What were the Townshend Acts and the response of the colonists (1767)

It was an indirect customs duty and while not that bad it was seen as continued British intrusion

What were the revenues from the Townshend acts used to do and why is it significant

They were used to pay royal governers which made Americans believe that they were being used to further British control over the colonies

Why did Parliament revoke New Yorks legislature body in (1767)

They failed to comply with the quartering act

What was the colonists response to the Townshend acts

Nonimportation was reintroduced but was less impactful than before - smuggling was common with large smuggling of tea in Massachusetts

What was the Boston Massacre (1770)

Following British soldiers being deployed to restore order in Boston there was heavy resentment - led to tense stand offs which then resulted in the Boston massacre

Following the harsh response to the Townshend acts what did parliament do

They reppealed the acts but they kept the Three pence tax on tea as it reinforced the idea that Parliament had the right to tax

What were the committies of correspondence and what were their significance (1772)

They were established by Samuel Adams in Boston and they were meant to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters thus keeping opposition to british policies alive

Why did colonists start paying the Three pence tax on tea

It was cheaper than buying Tea that was smuggled in

What reignited hostilites in Boston over Tea

The granting of a full monopoly to the East India company (which was financially struggling) over the Tea trade

Why was their such a hostile reaction to the granting of a monpoly to the East India company

While they provided it at a lower cost many colonists saw this as a more infringment on colonial rights - mainly the merchants who lost profits

What was the Boston Tea Party (1773) and what was its significance

Following the governer of Massachusetts (Thomas Hutchinson) allowing an East India ship to board in Boston harbour to unload its tea resentment boiled over as many colonists felt that their rights as Englishmen were being violated - Colonists then boarded the ship and threw it into the harbour

What was passed in response to the Boston Tea Party

The intolerable acts - with an outstanding majority

What did the Intolerable acts contain

1. Boston Port Act: Closed Down Boston Port until reperations were payed for the damages

2. Massachusetts Government Act - Massachusetts charting rights were revoked and restrictions on town meetings

3. The Administration of Justice Act - allowed the royal governer to order the trial of colonists in Britain or elsewhere in the empire

4. New Quartering Act - allowed British officals to house soldiers in any Boston residence

What was the Quebec Act (1774)

• Protection of French catholics rights and were permitted to retain there institutions

• Borders of Quebec were enlarged to includde parts of the Ohio valley

What was the reaction of colonists to the Quebec act

They were enraged that the Catholics had been given land which they believed was their Protestant right

What was the First continental congress (1774) and its significance

Delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies met to discuss actions to take in adressing colonial grievences and the repeal of taxes (not indepedence) - many of the interncolonial tensions started to melt away during this confrence - colonial unity - they would meet in a years time to discuss further actions if their grievences weren’t answered

Following deliberation what did the colonists draw up

• The decleration of rights

• An appeal to the King, Colonists, and the British public

What did the congress also agree to

A complete boycott of British goods (exports and imports and consumption)

What was the significance of Lexington and Concord

Following scuffles with rebels British soldiers fired on a crowd of colonists - shot heard around the world - started the war of independence

What were some advantages that Britain had going into the war

• Strong navy

• Wealth

• Professional army of 50,000 men - 30,000 German mercanaries

• 50,000 American loyalists

• Service of many Indian tribes

What are some disadvantges for Britain

• Regiments had to be stationed in Ireland - drained the millitary

• France was eager for revenge

• London government was inept - George III and Lord north

• Many British citizens had no desire to kill their fellow Anglo-Saxons

• Sympathy from the Whigs

• Army difficulties

  • Second rate genrals

  • Brutal treatment of soldiers

• Provisions were scarce

• Millitary orders took a long time to reach the colonies from London

• Geography:

  • Vast amount of land

  • No urban center - colonists were spread out

What were some advantages for the Americans

• Outstanding leadership

  • George Washington

  • Benjamin Franklin

  • Officers from Europe pledged their services: The marquis de Laffayete

• Agriculturally they colonies could rely on themselves

• Believed they had the moral advantage

What were some disadvantages for the Americans

• Badly organized: still lacked unity - competing interests

• Economic difficulties - printed vast amounts of paper continental money which was worthless - inflation hit families hard

• Millitary supplies were scarce

• Men went without food

• Millita men were unreliable

What role did slaves play during the revolutionary war

They fought for both sides

What was Lord Dunroe’s procclomation

Issued by the royal governer of Virginia that any slave that fought for the British would be freed

What role did profiteers play in the revolutionary war

They only served to make a profit off the war and only a small minority were in the fight of the ideals

What convinced many to take the road to independence

Common sense

The burning of Norfolk and falmouth

What was common sense and what was its significance

It was written by Thomas Paine - contained a treaty on the nature of government and argued that the hesitation of colonists was against common sense and argued that no smaller body should control a larger one

What was the idea that Paine put forth to the American people

Republicanism - Paine put forward the idea of republicanism to replace the hereditary rule

He argued that power should come from the people and the consent and the governed

What was the idea of Republicianism influenced by

• Renaissance- ideas of the Greeks and Romans

• Mix of checks and balances in the English system of governance

• Grievecnes of British politicans who were worried about o much power Kingly power in America