F. DV Developmental Milestones and Challenges

Milestones

age

Amniotic Sac

fluid

Placenta

allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo

Umbilical Cord

connects a developing fetus to the placenta, allowing for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the fetus and the mother

Blastocyst

fluid

Embryonic Disk

thickened cell mass from which the embryo begins to develop

Implantation

attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall

Endoderm

inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems

Mesoderm

middle layer, which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system

Ectoderm

outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts

Amnion

sac that contains a clear fluid that protects and provides a controlled environment for the fetus

Organogenesis

organs and major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and nervous) develop rapidly

Critical Period

embryo is most vulnerable to destructive influences in the prenatal environment

Spontaneous Abortion

natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb (miscarriage); often occurs during the first trimester

Stillbirth

miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation

Ultrasound Sonography

High

Brain

Imaging Techniques

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Small sample of the placenta is removed and tested

Amniocentesis

Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe

Maternal Blood Screening

Triple Screen: measures three substances in the mother's blood

Embryoscopy

Tiny viewing scope is inserted in woman's abdomen to view embryo or fetus

Umbilical Cord Sampling

Needle guided by ultrasound is inserted into blood vessels of umbilical cord

Apgar Scale

Evaluates an infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Assesses the newborn's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

Provides another assessment of the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities

Lateralization

specialization of the hemispheres

Reflex

automatic, innate response to stimulation

Social Referencing

learn to look to caregivers for clues as to whether a situation is secure or frightening

Deferred Imitation

reproduction of observed behavior after passage of time

Pictorial competence

ability to understand the nature of pictures

Scale Error

momentary misperception of the relative sizes of objects

Dual Representation Hypothesis

proposed that children under the age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships

Cooing

vowel sounds; 6 weeks and 3 months

Babbling

repeating consonant

Holophrase

single word that conveys a complete thought depending on the context (Daddy? Where is Daddy?)

Receptive Vocabulary

what infants understand; continues to grow as verbal comprehension gradually develops

Telegraphic Speech

early form of sentence use consisting of few essential words

Syntax

fundamental rules for putting sentences together

Overregularization

occurs when children inappropriately apply syntactic rule (Daddy goed to the store)

Overextending

overgeneralization

Underextending

exclusivity

Emotions

subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes

Crying

primary way in which infants communicate their needs and is considered to be an honest signal of need

Personality

relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes each person unique

Social Smiling

when newborn infants gaze and smile at their parents (2nd month)

Clowning

silly, nonverbal behaviors used to elicit smiles and laughs from children

Reflexive Smile

a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appear during the first month after birth

Anticipatory Smiling

infants smile at an object and then gaze at an adult while continuing to smile (12

Self

Conscious emotions

Altruistic Behavior

acting out of concern with no expectation of reward

Mirror Neurons

underlie empathy and altruism

Temperament

an early

Easy Children

generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences

Difficult Children

more irritable and harder to please

Slow

to

Goodness of Fit

the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands and constraints the child must deal with

Pretend Play

an early indication of the ability to understand others mental states and their own

Socialization

process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible and productive members of the society

Situational Compliance

extra assistance provided by their parents reminder and prompts to complete the task

Committed Compliance

they were committed to following request and could do so without their parents direct intervention

Receptive Cooperation

eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent, not only in disciplinary actions, but in variety of daily interactions

Self

Concept

Myelin

fatty layer that envelops the axons of nerve cells and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses

Corpus Callosum

a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects both hemispheres of the brain

Gross Motor Skills

physical abilities that require the use of major muscle groups

Fine Motor Skills

physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye

Systems of Action

skills become more intricate, allowing for a broader and more accurate range of motion and greater control over the surroundings

Handedness

preference for using a particular hand

Preoperational Stage

Symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic effectively

Symbolic Function

the ability of a child to attach meaning to mental representations such as words, numbers, or images

Deferred Imitation

ability of children to imitate an action after observing it becomes stronger after 18 months

Pretend Play

play involving imaginary people and situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play

Identities

idea that individuals and numerous things are fundamentally similar, even if they undergo changes in external form, size, or look

Animism

tendency to attribute life to objects that are not alive

Centration

tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.

Decenter

to think simultaneously about several aspects of a situation.

Egocentrism

inability to consider another person's point of view; a characteristic of young children's thought.

Conservation

understanding that two objects equal in a certain way will still be equal even if they look different, as long as nothing is added to or taken away from either object

Irreversibility

failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions

Theory of the Mind

awareness of the broad range of human mental states

Magical Thinking

a way to explain events that seem to lack obvious realistic explanations

Generic Memory

Begins at age 2 Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior and produces a script

Script

familiar, repeated event is remembered as a general outline

Episodic Memory

refers to awareness of having experienced a particular event at a specific time and place

Autobiographical Memory

Memories of distinctive experiences that make up a person's life history

Fast Mapping

process in which a child comprehends the definition of a new word after hearing it a few times in conversation.

Syntax

pertains to the rules for constructing sentences in a specific language

Pragmatics

involves the practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate

Social Speech

speech intended to be understood by a listener

Private Speech

to talk to oneself out loud without intending to communicate with others.

Emergent Literacy

development of fundamental skills that eventually lead to being able to read.

Oral language Skills

vocabulary, syntax, narrative structure, and the understanding that language is used to communicate

Specific Phonological Skills

help in decoding the printed word

Social Emotions

involve comparing oneself or one's actions to social standards

Gender Identity

being conscious of whether one is female or male and understanding its implications in one's origin

Gender Differences

psychological or behavioral differences between males and females

Gender Roles

behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a society deems suitable for each gender vary between males and females

Gender

Typing

Gender Stereotypes

preconceived generalizations about male or female behavior

Concrete Operational Stage

stage in cognitive development characterized by the use of mental operations