Chapter 7 Anatomy Vocab

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50 Terms

1

Nervous System

the network of nerve cells and fibers which transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

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2

Sensory input

the process by which sensory receptors detect stimuli and send information to the central nervous system.

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3

Integration

the process by which the nervous system processes and interprets sensory input to make decisions and coordinate responses.

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4

Motor output

the response generated by the nervous system that activates muscles or glands to produce a reaction.

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5

CNS

Central Nervous System, which includes the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and transmitting neural signals.

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6

PNS

peripheral nervous system, consisting of sensory and motor neurons.

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7

Sensory or afferent division

the part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.

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8

Motor or Efferent division

the part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits motor commands from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.

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9

Somatic/Voluntary Nervous system

the part of the motor division that controls voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles.

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10

Autonomic/Involuntary system

the part of the motor division that regulates involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate and digestion, without conscious control.

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11

Neuroglia or glia

supporting cells in the nervous system that protect and maintain neurons, providing structural and functional support.

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12

Astrocytes

Star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord that support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier.

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13

Microglia

a type of neuroglia that acts as the immune defense in the central nervous system, removing waste and pathogens.

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14

Ependymal cells

ciliated glial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, involved in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

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15

Oligodendrocytes

a type of glial cell in the central nervous system that produces myelin, insulating axons to enhance the speed of electrical impulses.

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16

Schwann cells

glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin, insulating neuronal axons to enhance signal transmission.

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17

Satellite cells

glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that support neuronal cell bodies in ganglia and regulate their environment.

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18

Neurons or nerve cells

the fundamental units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting information throughout the body via electrical and chemical signals.

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19

Cell body

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and organelles, responsible for maintaining the cell's functions and processing information.

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20

Nissl bodies

clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell body of neurons, involved in protein synthesis.

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21

Neurofibrils

fine, thread-like structures in neurons that provide support and transport materials within the cell.

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22

Process/fibers

extensions of the neuron that transmit signals, including axons and dendrites.

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23

Dendrites

extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body.

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24

Axons

long, cable-like projections that transmit signals away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

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25

Axon hillock

the part of a neuron where the axon begins, integrating signals from the cell body and initiating action potentials.

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26

Axon terminals

the endpoints of axons that release neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons.

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27

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.

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28

Synaptic cleft

the small gap between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron, where neurotransmitters are released and received.

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29

Synapse

the junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released and received, facilitating communication.

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30

Myelin

a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates axons, facilitating faster signal transmission in the nervous system.

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31

Myelin sheath

a protective layer that surrounds nerve fibers, facilitating faster transmission of electrical signals.

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32

Neurilemma

The outermost layer of the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers, providing protection and support.

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33

Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon that facilitate rapid signal conduction by allowing ions to flow in and out of the neuron.

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34

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, characterized by the deterioration of the myelin sheath, leading to disrupted nerve signal transmission.

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35

Nuclei

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system.

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36

Ganglia

clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.

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37

Tracts

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system that connect different regions of the brain and spinal cord.

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38

Nerves

Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system that transmit signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

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39

White matter

regions of the central nervous system consisting mainly of myelinated axons, which facilitate communication between different brain areas.

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40

Gray matter

Regions of the central nervous system containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, primarily involved in processing information.

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41

sensory/afferent neurons

Neurons that carry signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, enabling the perception of stimuli.

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42

Receptors

specialized structures that detect and respond to sensory stimuli, converting them into neural signals for processing by the nervous system.

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43

Cutaneous sense organs

Specialized structures that detect changes in the environment, such as touch, temperature, and pain, located in the skin and other tissues.

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44

Proprioceptors

sensory receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about body position and movement.

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45

motor/efferent neurons

neurons that transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, facilitating movement and response.

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46

interneurons/association neurons

neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system, playing a critical role in reflexes and processing information.

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47

Multipolar neuron

a type of neuron characterized by multiple dendrites and a single axon, commonly found in the brain and spinal cord.

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48

Bipolar neuron

neurons with one axon and one dendrite that extend from opposite sides of the cell body.

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49

Unipolar neurons

a nerve cell with one process extending from its cell body

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50

Polarized

a state where a cell or tissue has a difference in electrical charge between its inner and outer surfaces

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