Cell Anatomy

Cell

basic structural and functional unit of all organisms Cell

Cell Metabolism and Energy Use, Synthesis of New Molecules, Communication, Reproduction and Inheritance, Protection and Support, Movement

Functions of a Cell

Cell Metabolism and Energy Use

Chemical reactions that occur within a cell [Functions of a Cell]

Cell Metabolism and Energy Use

These reactions allow cells to obtain and use energy

Cell Metabolism and Energy Use

ex; muscle contraction, heat production

Synthesis of New Molecules

Synthesize various molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids [Functions of a Cell]

Synthesis of New Molecules

Different cells produce different molecules depending on their function [Functions of a Cell]

Communication

Produce and receive chemical and electrical signals [Functions of a Cell]

Communication

Ex: neurons _______ with muscle cells [Functions of a Cell]

Reproduction and Inheritance

Each cell contains a copy of an individual's genetic information [Functions of a Cell]

Genome

all the genetic information present in a cell

Reproduction and Inheritance

During growth, cells produce new cells

Reproduction and Inheritance

Specialized cells (sperm and egg cells) transmit genetic information to the next generation [Functions of a Cell]

Protection and Support

Produce and secrete various molecules that provide protection and support to cells and tissues [Functions of a Cell]

Movement

Certain cells move due to specialized molecules and structure withing them [Functions of a Cell]

Movement

Ex: muscle cells contain specialized proteins that allow contraction and _________

Plasma/cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

Major parts of a cell

Plasma/cell membrane

Described by the fluid mosaic model Plasma/cell membrane

Plasma/cell membrane

made up of different biomolecules: phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates

Plasma/cell membrane

participates in intercellular signaling

Plasma/cell membrane

Selectively permeable membrane

Lipids and Proteins

Components of a Cell Membrane

Phospholipids

Contain phosphorus [Lipids] Phospholipids

Cholesterol

Waxy fat carried through the bloodstreams by lipolipids [Lipids]

Cholesterol

Located within the phospholipid bilayer [Lipids]

Cholesterol

helps maintain the stability and fluidity by limiting the movement of phospholipids [Lipids]

Glycolipids

lipids with carbohydrates [Lipids]

Glycolipids

Act as surface receptors and stabilize the membrane [Lipids]

Glycolipids

Common in brain cells and nerves [Lipids]

Proteins

"float" among the phospholipid molecules and extend from the inner to the outer surface of the cell membrane

Membrane proteins

Form ion channels

Membrane proteins

Function as carriers

Membrane proteins

serve as receptors

membrane proteins

acts as membrane makers

Ion channels (integral)

Most are selective

Ion channels (integral)

Allow only a single type of ion to pass through

Carrier (integral)

knowns as "transports"

Carrier (integral)

Transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape

Enzymes (integral & peripheral)

Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on the direction the active site faces)

Cell identity marker (glycoprotein)

Distinguishes your cells from other humans

Cytoplasm

involves the cellular contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Cytoplasm

Site of cellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus

Cytosol

Forms the fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Cytosol

55% total cell volume

Cytosol

Contains fibrous molecules that constitute the cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton

Internal framework of the cell

Cytoskeleton

Consists of protein structures that support the cell, hold the organelles in place, and enables the cell to change sources

Cytoskeleton

Gives cytoplasm strength & flexibility due to its filaments and hollow tubules

Cytoskeleton

has 3 component protein structures

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

types of cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

picture

Microfilaments

Comprised of small fibrils formed from the protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm

Microfilaments

Contributes to cell strength and support

Microfilaments

Provides mechanical support

Microfilaments

Involves cell movement (e.g. muscle microfilament)

Microfilaments

Anchors the cytoskeleton to integral proteins in the cell membrane

Microtubules

Largest hollow structures formed from protein subunits

Microtubules

Helps movement of organelles within a cell

Microtubules

Provides support to the cytoplasm

Microtubules

Asserts in cell division

Microtubules

Forms essential components of certain organelles such as cilia and flagella

Microtubules

picture

Intermediate Filaments

picture Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate Filaments

Provides mechanical support and is designed to withstand tension

Keratin

type of intermediate filament that is a protein associated with skin cells

Organelles

Internal structures that perform specific functions

Organelles

Considered “little organ”

Organelles

Number & type of organelles within each cell determine its specific structure and function

[Cytoplasmic organelles]

Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Secretory vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, cilia, flagella, microvilli, proteasomes

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis (picture)

Ribosomes

Each _________ consists of small and large subunits of _______ RNA & protein

Free Ribosomes

Scattered throughout the cytoplasm & synthesize proteins used in cytosol

Fixed Ribosomes

Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and synthesize proteins that are then modified and packed for export

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Compromised of a network of folded membranes connected to the nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus (picture)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Carrier of proteins and considered as a “mini circulatory system”

Rough ER

Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins embedded in the membrane (picture)

Smooth ER

No ribosomes attached (picture)

Smooth ER

Involved in the lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium regulation

Golgi Apparatus

Cell’s post office (picture)

Golgi Apparatus

Stack of flattened membranous sacs with tiny secretory vesicles (picture)

Golgi Apparatus

Collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids

Vesicles formed from this organelle have several destinations

lysosomes remain the cytoplasm, incorporated in the cell membrane, function as secretory vesicle

Secretory Vesicles

Small membrane

Secretory Vesicles

Transport & store materials produced within cells to the exterior of the cell

Lysosomes

Membrane

Lysosomes

Helping recycle worn

Lysosomes

Removing damaged organelle or pathogen within the cell

Peroxisomes

Membrane–bound vesicles that are like lysosomes (picture)

Peroxisomes

Contain enzymes oxidases that can oxidize various organic substances

Peroxisomes

Functions to break down fatty acids, amino acids, & hydrogen peroxide

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Mitochondria

Small spherical, rod

Mitochondria

Carry out aerobic respiration to break down food molecules to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Cilia

Small hair

Cilia

Mobile extensions of the cell surface

Cilia

Vary in number from none to thousands per cell

Cilia

Contain specialized microtubules enclosed by the cell membrane

Cilia

Moves substances over the surface of the cell

Cilia

Numerous in the respiratory tract as they clear the lungs and air passages of debris

Flagella

Long lash