AP U.S. History - Period 2 Practice Flashcards

One hundred practice flashcards covering vocabulary, key figures, and historical concepts for AP U.S. History Period 2 (1607-1754).

Who was the Italian-born navigator who sailed for England in $1497$ and claimed North American lands?

John Cabot

What did John Cabot's $1497$ voyage provide for the English crown?

An early basis for later English claims in North America

What business organization allowed investors to pool money and share risks of overseas ventures?

joint-stock company

Which joint-stock company used this model to establish the Jamestown settlement?

The Virginia Company

Who was the second Lord Baltimore and proprietor of Maryland who sought a refuge for English Catholics?

Cecil Calvert

What was the historical significance of Cecil Calvert's leadership in Maryland?

It illustrated how proprietary colonies could be shaped by the goals of an individual owner.

Which $1649$ Maryland law protected worship for all who professed belief in Jesus Christ?

Act of Toleration

What was a major limitation of the Maryland Act of Toleration of $1649$?

It imposed severe penalties on some forms of religious dissent and was not universal religious freedom.

Which Puritan dissenter was banished from Massachusetts Bay and founded Providence?

Roger Williams

What two principles did Roger Williams advocate for in his settlement?

Liberty of conscience and separation of civil authority from religion

What settlement founded in $1636$ became a refuge for people facing religious persecution?

Providence

Who was the Puritan dissenter banished from Massachusetts Bay after challenging salvation ideas and authority?

Anne Hutchinson

What belief associated with Anne Hutchinson stated that salvation came through faith and divine grace?

antinomianism

Why did Puritan leaders fear the concept of antinomianism?

They feared it weakened religious discipline and social order.

Which New England colony was created from settlements founded by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson's followers?

Rhode Island

Which $1662$ policy allowed unconverted Puritan adults to have their children baptized?

halfway covenant

What was the goal of the Half-Way Covenant?

To preserve Puritan congregations as later generations produced fewer conversion experiences.

Which religious group emphasized an inner spiritual light, pacifism, and spiritual equality?

Quakers

What was a unique social feature of the Quaker faith regarding women?

Women were given unusually visible religious roles for the era.

Who was the Quaker proprietor that founded Pennsylvania?

William Penn

What was William Penn's effort to build a colony around Quaker principles called?

Holy Experiment

What $1701$ Pennsylvania document protected liberty of conscience and confirmed powers of the elected assembly?

Charter of Liberties

Where were southern rice-growing plantations primarily located?

South Carolina and Georgia

What was the primary labor source for rice-growing plantations in the Lower South?

Enslaved Africans

What crop made the Chesapeake colonies economically valuable but created heavy demand for land and labor?

tobacco

When was Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America, founded?

$$1607$$

Which Jamestown leader imposed discipline and wrote accounts of the colony's interaction with Native peoples?

Captain John Smith

Who developed tobacco as a profitable export crop in Virginia?

John Rolfe

Which Powhatan woman married John Rolfe and helped facilitate a period of relative peace?

Pocahontas

Which Chesapeake colony was first founded at Jamestown and later became a royal colony?

Virginia

What settlement was founded in $1620$ by Pilgrims arriving on the Mayflower?

Plymouth Colony

Which group of English Protestants wanted to leave the Church of England entirely?

Separatists

By what name are the Separatist Protestants who founded Plymouth Colony better known?

Pilgrims

What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

It was an early example of self-government based on majority agreement for the Plymouth settlers.

Which large Puritan colony was founded in $1630$ around the city of Boston?

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Which group sought to 'purify' the Church of England rather than separate from it?

Puritans

Who was the governor of Massachusetts Bay who described the colony as a 'city upon a hill'?

John Winthrop

What was the mass movement of Puritan families to New England in the $1630$s called?

Great Migration

Who led settlers into the Connecticut River Valley and helped found Hartford?

Thomas Hooker

Who helped establish the New Haven Colony on Long Island Sound in $1638$?

John Davenport

Which New England colony was formed from the merger of Hartford and New Haven?

Connecticut

Which New England colony was made a royal colony in $1679$ after being separated from Massachusetts Bay?

New Hampshire

Which colonial region eventually divided into two colonies with distinct social and economic structures?

the Carolinas

Which middle colony was taken from the Dutch in $1664$ and renamed for a Duke?

New York

Which middle colony was created from land separated from New York and had significant Quaker influence?

New Jersey

Which colony was founded as a proprietary refuge for Quakers?

Pennsylvania

What were the 'Three Lower Counties' that began meeting in their own assembly in $1704$?

Delaware

Which colony was chartered in $1732$ as a defensive buffer and a social-reform experiment?

Georgia

Who was the principal founder of Georgia who implemented early restrictions on slavery and rum?

James Oglethorpe

What was the $1639$ written framework for government in Connecticut?

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

What was William Penn's $1682-1683$ plan for a representative assembly elected by landowners?

Frame of Government

What was the first representative assembly in the English colonies, organized in Virginia in $1619$?

Virginia House of Burgesses

How were corporate colonies initially operated?

By joint-stock companies under charters from the English crown

Who governed royal colonies under direct authority?

The English crown through appointed officials

Who held governing authority in proprietary colonies?

Individuals or groups granted ownership by the crown

What was the colonial region centered on Virginia and Maryland around the Chesapeake Bay?

Chesapeake colonies

What was the Atlantic trading pattern connecting Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, and North America?

triangular trade

What economic theory treated colonies as sources of raw materials and markets to strengthen the parent country?

mercantilism

Which English laws put mercantilism into practice by regulating colonial shipping and trade?

Navigation Acts

Which administrative union created in $1686$ combined several northern colonies under tight royal control?

Dominion of New England

Who was the royal governor of the Dominion of New England who limited town meetings and levied taxes?

Sir Edmund Andros

What $1688$ event in England led to the collapse of the Dominion of New England?

Glorious Revolution

Which Native people of southern New England interacted with Plymouth and later resisted expansion under Metacom?

Wampanoag

What Wampanoag leader was known to the English as King Philip?

Metacom

What was the 1675-1676 conflict between New England colonists and a Native alliance led by Metacom?

King Philip's War

Which royal governor of Virginia favored large planters and provoked Nathaniel Bacon?

Sir William Berkeley

What $1676$ uprising in Virginia exposed class divisions and conflict over Native land?

Bacon's Rebellion

What military alliance was formed in $1643$ by several New England colonies for mutual defense?

New England Confederation

Who were the workers that traded a set period of labor for passage to the colonies?

indentured servants

What policy granted $50$ acres of land to immigrants who paid their passage or to their sponsors?

headright system

Which system of labor became increasingly racial and hereditary in the British colonies?

slavery

What was the forced transatlantic voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas?

Middle Passage

Which Pennsylvania-born painter became a leading artist in Britain and illustrated Anglicization?

Benjamin West

Which Massachusetts-born portrait painter's career reflected the growth of a prosperous colonial elite?

John Copley

Which colonial figure embodied the Enlightenment as a printer, writer, scientist, and inventor?

Benjamin Franklin

What popular annual publication by Benjamin Franklin helped spread a shared colonial culture?

Poor Richard's Almanack

Who was the West African-born enslaved poet who published a collection of poetry in $1773$?

Phillis Wheatley

Which self-taught colonial botanist from Philadelphia studied North American plants?

John Bartram

Which respected educated occupation played major social and political roles, especially in New England?

ministry

How were most colonial physicians trained?

Through apprenticeship rather than formal medical schools

Which professional group gained status as colonial trade and political conflicts became more complex?

lawyers

What is the term for the acceptance of multiple religious groups within a colony?

religious toleration

What is a church officially supported by a colonial government through taxes?

established church

What series of Protestant religious revivals occurred in the $1730$s and $1740$s?

Great Awakening

Which Congregational minister's sermons emphasized sin and the emotional need for conversion?

Jonathan Edwards

Which traveling British preacher drew large crowds throughout the colonies during the Great Awakening?

George Whitefield

Who was the influential New England Puritan minister and writer associated with traditional clerical culture?

Cotton Mather

What term describes institutions connected to or controlled by a particular religious denomination?

sectarian

What farming pattern focused on local consumption rather than a large export surplus?

subsistence farming

Which group of immigrants settled heavily in Pennsylvania and maintained distinctive cultural customs?

Germans

Which immigrant group of Protestant migrants from northern Ireland settled heavily on the frontier?

Scotch-Irish

Which French Protestants migrated to North America seeking refuge from religious persecution?

Huguenots

Which people established New Netherland and maintained cultural influence in New York after $1664$?

Dutch

Which group established small communities along the Delaware River before Dutch and English control?

Swedes

What was the term for the ability of individuals or families to improve their economic or social status?

social mobility

Which New York printer was tried for seditious libel in $1735$ and acquitted?

John Peter Zenger

Who was the lawyer that defended John Peter Zenger by arguing that truth is a defense against libel?

Andrew Hamilton

Which intellectual movement emphasized reason, natural laws, and the improvement of society?

Enlightenment

Who was the chief executive of a colony, representing royal or proprietary authority?

governor

Which colonial bodies gave white male property owners experience with representative government and taxation?

legislatures