Lesson 7: Altruism, Conflict & Peace

mirror-image perceptions

psychological phenomenon in which opposing groups see each other in similar, negative terms, often viewing their own actions as justified while perceiving the actions of the other group as hostile or unreasonable

superordinate goal

shared objective that requires the cooperation of two or more groups or individuals, which helps to transcend their differences and reduce intergroup conflict by focusing on a common purpose

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction (GRIT)

conflict resolution strategy that involves making small, conciliatory gestures to build trust and encourage reciprocal actions, aiming to reduce tension and resolve conflicts over time

bystander effect

social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a person in need when other people are present, often due to a diffusion of responsibility

conflict

psychological and social state in which individuals or groups have opposing goals, interests, or values, leading to disagreements, tension, or disputes

social trap

situation in which individuals or groups pursue their own self-interest in a way that ultimately leads to negative consequences for everyone involved, often resulting in a loss for the group despite each individual’s rational pursuit of their own benefit

social-responsibility norm

expectation that people should help those who are dependent on them or in need, regardless of what they may receive in return

social exchange theory

psychological and sociological concept that suggests human interactions are based on a cost-benefit analysis, where individuals weigh the rewards and costs of their actions to maximize their own benefits while minimizing costs

reciprocity norm

social principle that suggests individuals feel obligated to return favors or benefits they have received from others, promoting mutual exchanges and cooperation

altruism

selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to helping behaviors without seeking personal gain or reward

self-fulfilling prophecy

belief or expectation that influences behavior in a way that causes the belief to come true, often because individuals act in ways that align with the initial expectation