SPLH 566 Final Exam: Module 1

Language is Generative 

it is recursive, and allows people to create an infinite number of sentences. 

Language has Displacement  

describe things outside of the immediate context

Language is a Rule-Governed System  

the arrangement of symbols in a language is not arbitrary and there is a shared set of conventions for how messages can be created.  

Language is a Social Tool  

it serves as the way to transmit information and ideas between people.

Language is Reflexive  

we can use language to think about language

Language

A system for representing concepts through the use of socially-shared arbitrary symbols and rule-governed, conventional combinations of those symbols

which two theories align more with Nature?

Generative & Nativist

Which two theories align more with Nurture?

Information Processing & behaviorist

Which two theories appeal to both nature and nurture?

Cognitive and Social interactionist

Cross-linguistic studies

determine if elements of a language are unique to that language or are universal.

Longitudinal studies

examine the same children across multiple times to see how they change over time

cross-sectional studies

examine difference groups of kids at different ages

condition comparision

type of experimental study; one group on two conditions

Difference btw single-subject and case study

single subject is experimental; case study is observational

Gricean Maxims

Quality (truth), quantity, manner (clear, orderly), relevance

Limits of the Generative and Nativist Theory

Focuses on syntax; ignores social and cognitive factors

Limits of Social interactionist theory

can’t explain how kids learn abstract qualities of language like syntax

Limits of cognitive theory

focuses on early language development; known dissociations btw language and cognition

Limits of information processing

better explains phonological and morphological development than other aspects of language.

Limits of traditional behaviorist

can’t explain over regulation errors; parents can’t teach everything

Tongue thrusting

is an important precursor to speech production

How does child-directed speech support child language development? 

 gain and maintain the child's attention; help the child start participating in conversation; highlights salient aspects of the language they are acquiring.

What are the four types of attention?

Sustained; selective; divided; switching

What are the three types of memory?

Short term, long term, working memory

First stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor Period (birth-2): completely reflexive > some control over behavior and thoughts. Object Permanence, Categorization and Means-End Behavior.

Second stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Preoperational Period (2-7) Not logically, symbolic representation. Egocentric, Animism (non-living things are alive); transductive reasoning (2 things go together always go together); Centration (can only focus on 1 thing at a time)

Third stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Concrete Operational Period (7-11). Develop logical reasoning and learn about the conservation of matter.

Fourth stage of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Formal Operations Period (12+). Think about the abstract, metacognition (think about thinking)

Social Play

type of Game Playing. No toys. interaction.

engagement

time playing the game

time out

rest, readjust interaction

1^st stage of vocalization

Reflexive Vocalization (birth- 1 mo); on exhalation

2^nd stage of vocalization

Coo Stage (2-3 mo); in response to others

3^rd stage of vocalization

Vocal Play (4-6mo); on own and w/ others, raspberries

4^th stage of vocalization

Reduplicated babbling (7-10 mo); series of CV repeats

5^th stage of vocalization

Variegated babbling (11-12 mo); diff consonants & vowels

6^th stage of vocalization

Early words and protowords (12-15 mo)

2-3 mo Gross Motor

hold neck steady & lift when on tummy

4-5 mo Gross motor

roll over

6 mo gross motor

sit w/ support

7 mo gross motor

belly crawl

8 mo gross motor

full crawl, sit w/out support

9 mo Gross Motor

stand w/ support

10 mo Gross motor

pull to stand

11 mo Gross motor

stand alone (few secs)

12 mo Gross motor

walk w/ support

12-15 mo Gross motor

crawl upstairs

15 mo gross motor

walk independently

18 mo gross motor

run, climb

2-3 yrs gross motor

walk stairs; jump; ride trike

4-6 yrs gross motor

hop 1 foot; skip; throw & kick balls

7-8 yrs gross motor

bike w/out training wheels

birth speech perception

mom’s voice from others; detect every phonome

5 mo speech perception

own language from others; own name

6 mo speech perception

respond to ‘mommy’ or ‘daddy’

7 mo speech perception

discriminate words; understand 1-2 words

8-10 mo speech perception

restricted to sounds in own language

10 mo speech perception

recognize farmiliar word within sentence

The concept that objects exist in space and time even when they cannot be seen or acted upon is called

object permanence

Why is categorization (the ability to identify things that are similar) important to language development?

Children use categorization knowledge to learn that things in the same category share a common name.

Which two of the following senses begins developing in utero?

hearing & touch

minimal pair

two words that differ by only 1 phoneme

allophones

forms of phomenes; don’t change meaning

distributional phonological rules

which phonemes occur in which position

sequential phonological rules

how sounds can be sequenced

derivational bound morphemes

change meaning or change part of speech

inflectional bound morphemes

modify free morpheme to fit grammatical structure w/out chaning meaning

lexicon

mental dictionary; organizes words phonologically or categorically

Structural Language vs Social Communication

pragmatics vs everything else

6 views on language development from Nature to Nuture

Nativist; Generative Grammar; Cognitive; Social Interactionist; Information processing; Behavorist

26 weeks utero perceptual development

touch

8 weeks in utero perception

startles to sound

20 weeks in utero perception

middle and inner ear are adult size

birth perception

recognize mom’s face (in days)

2 mo perception

prefer average face

3 mo perception

perceive facial differences

4-6 mo perception

responds to smiles

5-8 mo perception

percieve own face w/out knowing it’s theirs

2 mo reflex disappearance

stepping reflex

3 mo reflex disappearance

phasic bite reflex (bite whatever enters mouth)

4 mo reflex disappearance

rooting & sucking (brush cheek>turn, suck)

4-5 mo reflex disappearance

startle reflex

5-6 mo reflex disappearance

palmar grasp reflex

6-8 mo reflex disappearance

tongue thrust

6 mo reflex disappearance

babinski reflex (stroke foot, toes pull back)

3 mo fine motor

grasp intentionally

4 mo fine motor

bring hands together

5 mo fine motor

reach & grasp objects; mouth objects

6 mo fine motor

transfer objects from hand to hand

7 mo fine motor

shake and bang toys

8 mo fine motor

use thumb and fingers to pick up objects; four finger grip

9 mo fine motor

pincer grip, 1 finger & thumb

12 mo fine motor

stack blocks

2 yrs fine motor

draw

2 mo attention development

pay attention to external rather than just internal

1 mo communication

gaze at adult, eye contact

6-8 weeks communication

social smile

2 mo communication

search for mom’s voice; associate specific behaviors with specific people

3 mo communication

visually discriminate people

4 mo communication

game playing