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agriculture
the deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
factors of agriculture
climate
space/landforms
soil/nutrients
tropical & subtropical
shifting cultivation
plantation
characteristics:
high temperatures
abundant rainfall
humidity
high amounts of vegetation
drylands/deserts
pastoral nomadism
livestock ranching
characteristics:
high temperatures
little rainfall
mountainous
little vegetation
temperate (mid-latitude)
mixed crop & livestock
commercial grain farming
commercial gardening
dairy
mediterranean
characteristics:
seasonal changes between summers and winters
moderate temperatures
moderate rainfall
economic forces
the cost of land, labor, and machinery
intensive forces
large amounts of labor and/or capital n a relation area of land being farmed
usually located near areas with high population density
market gardening, plantation agriculture, mixed crop & livestock, mediterranean
extensive forces
fewer inputs of labor and/or capital in relation to area of land being farmed
usually located away from major population centers
shifting cultivation, livestock ranching, nomadic herding, commercial grain farming
nomadic herding
climate: drylands/desert
where: northern africa, southwest africa, central asia, east asia
livestock: cattle, camels, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheep, horses
extensive
substance
nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides
rely upon animals for survival instead of profit
pastoral nomadism
climate: semi-arid and arid climates
herders move animals seasonally to graze → soil erosion & desertification
formerly fertile lands become infertile as a result of overgrazing and droughts
commercial grain farming
climate: mid-latitudes
where: United States, Canada, Europe, Russia, Central Asia, China, South Asia
crops: wheat
extensive
commercial
crops are grown primarily for human consumption
farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread
grain farming
most important cereal grain: wheat
highly mechanized, revolutionized by the reaper in the 1830s and today combines reaping, threshing, and cleaning in a single operation
intensive subsistence
agriculture involving the regular application of intense physical labor in order to keep a unit of land in production
leads to extensive modification of the landscape
terraces
often constructed for intensive subsistence in places too hilly for farming
double cropping
wet seasons (spring, summer): rice
dry seasons (winter, fall): grain
market gardening
climate: warm mid-latitude
where: southeastern US, California, Southeastern Australia
crops: fresh fruits and vegetables, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes
intensive, relies on migrant laborers & machinery
commercial
some produce sold fresh to consumers, most sold to large processors for canning or freezing
plantation agriculture
the only type of commercial agriculture prevalent in the developing world
cash crops are grown on large estates for sale of the global market
tobacco, cocoa, sugar, cotton, rubber, coffee, bananas, palm oil
climate: tropical
where: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, South & Southeast Asia
intensive
commercial
mixed crop & livestock
climate: cold & warm mid-latitude
where: midwestern US & Canada, Central Europe
crops: corn, grains & soybeans grown to feed cattle & pigs
intensive, relies on high amounts of capital and labor
commercial
mediterranean
climate: mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers; coastal
where: Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Pacific Coast of the US, South Africa, Southern Australia
crops: grapes, olives, dates, figs
intensive: land is scarce, hilly, labor intensive
commercial
orchards are common, crops produced for the global market
dairy farming
climate: mid-latitudes
where: northern US, Canada, Europe, Russia, China, India, Brazil
intensive: cows need to be milked twice a day, machinery
commercial
metes and bounds
clustered
common in GB & North America
metes
measurement on a straight run
bounds
walls, rivers, roads, result in irregular shaped lots
long lot
relationship to river
equal access to resources: water, soil, transportation
nucleated villages (clustered)
common in France, French Canada, Spain & Louisiana
township and range
pioneered by Thomas Jefferson
rectangles and grid system
each township is 6×6 miles
keep track of land sales
purchase to utilize a uniform survey method
clustered settlements
common in Europe
sense of community
shared resources
farmland and pasture surround settlement
walk to farmland
metes & bounds survey method
dispersed settlements
common in North America
less community
more connected to your resources and your farmland
reflective of individual values and ownership of land
township & range survey methods
linear settlement
organized along a line
along transportation (roads, rivers)
long lot survey method
hunters and gatherers
lived in groups of 50 or less
relocated regularly along with changing seasons
Agricultural Revolution
when humans first domesticated plants and animals, reliance on hunting and gathering was removed
Carl Sauer
cultural geographer
believed that the earliest form of plant cultivation was vegetative planting
new plants were produced from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots
primary effects of the agricultural revolution
create permanent settlements
have greater food security
host larger populations
establish division of labor
secondary effects of the agricultural revolution
endemic diseases
famine
expansionism
hearth
the geographic origin of a trait, characteristic, innovation or other concept
domestication
the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands
agricultural hearth
the separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals
contagious diffusion
agriculture first diffused to the immediate surrounding areas of the hearths through close contact and proximity between farmers
relocation diffusion
as people migrate they bring food, ingredients, seeds, and animals
stimulus diffusion
as people moved into new locations, seeds may not be as prosperous due to different physical conditions
resulted in the adaptation of farming methods or crops using the agricultural knowledge the farmer had previously acquired
Columbian Exchange
the exchange of goods and ideas between North America, Africa, and Europe initiated by Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the Americas in 1492
Resulted in the spread of plants, animals, and diseases between the “Old World” and the “New World”
Green Revolution
spread high yield varieties of crops around the world
for example, new varieties of plants replace traditional crops in places like Mexico and India
Second Agricultural Revolution
when: 1750
where: Great Britain
diffusion: through GB into Europe and the US
Industrial Revolution
the use of technology (mechanization) to increase production and distribution of agricultural goods
enclosure movement
series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers
resulted in:
emergence of commercial agriculture
fewer and larger farms → decrease in farm owners → improvements in farming techniques → decrease in agricultural laborers
urbanization
mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories
Second Agricultural Revolution impact
increased food production
increased factory work
increase of calories consumed
increased life expectancy
diet influences
level of development
physical conditions
cultural factors
disparities
exist between how the developed and developing world acquires needed protein
meat consumption provides most protein in the developed world
cereal grains provide most protein in the developing world
food security
access to safe and nutritious food required for an active and healthy life
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