LSU CSC 4101 Module 01

Programmable Hardware Example

Analytical Engine & Jacquard Loom

Machine Code Example

Binary, Octal, & Hexadecimal

Evolution of Programming Languages

Programmable Hardware → Machine Code → Assembly → Macro Assembly → Fortran

Why so many languages?

rise of for loops, system types, recursive types, personal preferences, pointers, socioeconomic factors such, & commercial advantages

Scientific App Programming Languages

Fortran & TCE

Artificial Intelligence Programming Languages

Lisp

Embedded Systems Programming Languages

C & Ada

Business App Programming Languages

COBOL

Systems Programming Languages

C & C++

Web Service Programming Languages

C#, JS, Java, PHP, Ruby

Machine Learning Programming Languages

Python & R

Scripting Programming Languages

Perl & Python

Special Purpose Programming Languages

Bash & Make

First Object Oriented Languages

Simula → Smalltalk → C++

Factors for a Successful Language

Easy-to-learn, Easy Implementation, Fast Code Generation, Open Libraries, Cheap/Accessible, and Familiary Syntax

Reasons to Study Programming Languages

Learn situational uses, understand obscurities, learn faster, optimize debuggers + tools, simulate features, + design simple languages

Programming Paradigms

Imperative, Functional, Logic, & Object Oriented

Imperative (Programming Paradigm)

To program with assignments + loops

Functional (Programming Paradigm)

To program with first class or high order functions

(can have imperative abilities)

Logic (Programming Paradigm)

To program with predicates

Object Oriented (Programming Paradigm)

To program with classes and objects
(can be imperative or functional but most languages are imperative)

High Order Function

A function that takes functions as parameter and/or returns functions as an output

Predicate

a statement that defines expresses properties & relations among objects

Imperative Languages

Fortran, C, and Pascal

Functional Languages

Lisp, ML, Haskell, F#

Logic Languages

Prolog

Object Oriented Languages

Java, C#, Python, Common Lisp, Ada

Implementation Methods

Compilation & Interpretation

Compilation (Implementation Method)

offers better performance
operates by taking the source program as input and outputs target program. The target program takes input then returns an output.

Interpretation (Implementation Method)

offers flexibility & error diagnostics

operates by taking both the source code and input and returns an output.

Hybrid System

a modern implementation, has translator produce intermediate program

Virtual Machine (Hybrid System)

possess a translator and JIT compiler (ex Java + Javac)

src program → [translator] → intermediate program
(intermediate program + input) → [vm] → outut

Implementation Strategies

Preprocess, Actual Compiler , Multi-Compiler, Assembler

Preprocess (Implementation Strategy)

used by complex systems; processes macro and adds include files

Actual Compiler (Implementation Strategy)

takes preprocessor output as an input then outputs assembly text (not assembly code)

Multi-Compiler (Implementation Strategy)

complies C to C++ then C++ to assembly

Assembly (Implementation Strategy)

generates relocatable machine code fragments, then the machine code is assembled into an executable by the Linker

Linker (Implementation Strategy)

combines machine code into an executable