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Genetic Mutations
Changes in an organism's DNA sequence.
Causes of Mutations
Factors leading to changes in DNA.
Synthetic Chemicals
Man-made substances causing DNA alterations.
Radiation
Energy causing DNA damage or mutations.
Incorrect Replication
Errors during DNA copying process.
Small-Scale Mutations
Alterations to individual base pairs.
Substitution Mutation
Replacement of one base pair with another.
Insertion Mutation
Addition of base pairs or coding regions.
Deletion Mutation
Removal of base pairs or coding regions.
Inversion Mutation
Switching positions of base pairs.
Missense Mutation
Changes one amino acid in a protein.
Nonsense Mutation
Introduces a premature stop codon.
Silent Mutation
No change in amino acid sequence.
Frameshift Mutation
Shifts reading frame, altering protein synthesis.
Large-Scale Mutations
Involves multiple nucleotides or entire genes.
Gene Duplication
Amplification of a gene leading to multiple copies.
Chromosomal Translocation
Movement of genes between chromosomes.
Spontaneous Mutations
Errors occurring naturally during DNA replication.
Induced Mutations
Mutations caused by environmental agents.
Common Mutagens
Agents that induce mutations in DNA.
UV Radiation
Causes DNA bonds, linked to skin cancer.
X-Rays
Break DNA bonds, potentially causing cancer.
Beneficial Mutations
Enhance survival and reproductive success.
Neutral Mutations
Do not affect organism's fitness.
Prokaryotic Mutations
More detrimental due to coding-rich DNA.
