functional anatomy

What movements primarily occur in the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension.

What is a force couple?

Two or more muscles working together to produce or control a movement.

What is an open kinetic chain exercise?

An exercise where the distal segment is free to move.

Give an example of an open kinetic chain exercise.

Leg extension or biceps curl.

What is a closed kinetic chain exercise?

An exercise where the distal segment is fixed or in contact with a surface.

Give examples of closed kinetic chain exercises.

Squats, push-ups, and pull-ups.

What are the two major joints involved in shoulder movement covered in your study guide?

The glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic articulation.

What movement occurs at the scapula during shoulder abduction?

Upward rotation.

What movement occurs at the scapula during shoulder adduction?

Downward rotation

What scapular movements typically accompany shoulder flexion?

Elevation and upward rotation.

What scapular movements typically accompany shoulder extension?

Depression and downward rotation.

What scapular movement accompanies shoulder internal rotation?

Protraction.

What scapular movement accompanies shoulder external rotation?

Retraction.

What scapular movement accompanies horizontal shoulder adduction?

Protraction.

What scapular movement accompanies horizontal shoulder abduction?

Retraction.

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

What is the primary function of the rotator cuff?

Stabilizing the humeral head in the glenoid cavity.

Which rotator cuff muscle primarily assists with shoulder abduction?

Supraspinatus.

Which rotator cuff muscles primarily perform external rotation?

Infraspinatus and teres minor.

Which rotator cuff muscle primarily performs internal rotation?

Subscapularis.

What muscles act on the scapulothoracic joint?

Trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae,

What muscles act on the scapulothoracic joint?

serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, and subclavius.

what muscles act on the glenohumeral joint?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

what muscles act on the glenohumeral joint?

deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

actions of glenohumeral joint

flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, adduction, abduction

actions of glenohumeral joint

horizontal abduction, horizontal adduction, diagonal abduction, diagonal adduction

actions of scapulothoracic joint

protraction, retraction, upward rotation, downward rotation

latissimus dorsi

latissimus dorsi origin

T5-T12, inferior angle of scapula, ilialic crest

latissimus dorsi insertion

anterior of upper humerus

trapezius muscle

Trapezius — Origin?

Occipital bone, nuchal ligament, and C7–T12 spinous processes.

Trapezius — Insertion?

lateral clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula.

Rhomboid major

Rhomboid major — Origin?

T2–T5 spinous processes.

Rhomboid major — Insertion?

Medial border of scapula, inferior to the spine.

Rhomboid Minor

Rhomboid minor — Origin?

C7–T1 spinous processes.

Rhomboid minor — Insertion?

Medial border of scapula .

Levator Scapulae

Levator scapulae — Origin?

Transverse processes of C1–C4.

Levator scapulae — Insertion?

Superior medial border of scapula.

serratus anterior

Serratus anterior — Origin?

Ribs 1–8/9.

Serratus anterior — Insertion?

Anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula.

Pectoralis Minor

Pectoralis minor — Origin?

Ribs 3–5.

Pectoralis minor — Insertion?

Coracoid process of scapula.

Deltoid

Deltoid — Origin?

Lateral clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula.

Deltoid — Insertion?

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus.

Anterior Deltoid

Middle Deltoid

Posterior Deltoid

coracobrachialis

pectoralis major

pectoralis major origin

clavicular head, sternocostal head

pectoralis major insertion

upper humerus

infraspinatus

infraspinatus origin

posterior of scapula

infraspinatus insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

supraspinatus

supraspinatus origin

supraspinous fossa of scapula

supraspinatus insertion

greater tubercle of humerus

teres major

teres major origin

lower border of scapula

teres major insertion

intertubercular groove of humerus

teres minor

teres minor origin

lateral border of scapula

teres minor insertion

Greater tubercle of the humerus

subscapularis

subscapularis origin

subscapular fossa of scapula

subscapularis insertion

lesser tubercle of humerus

Acromioclavicular joint

acromion process

Coracoid process

humeral head

greater tubercle

lesser tubercle

intertubercular groove

deltoid tuberosity

glenoid cavity

humerus

lateral border

inferior angle

medial border

scapula

subscapular fossa

clavicle

superior angle

superior border

suprascapular notch

frontal plane, sagittal axis

transverse plane, Vertical axis

sagittal plane, frontal axis

Flexors   

1. Anterior deltoid  

2. Pectoralis major (upper fibers) 

3. Coracobrachialis 

Extensors  

1. Subscapularis  

2. Latissimus Dorsi 

3. Teres Major 

4. Teres Minor 

5. Infraspinatus  

6. Posterior Deltoid 

Abductors 

1. Deltoid (anterior, middle, posterior) 

2. Supraspinatus  

3. Pectoralis Major – upper fibers

Adduction

1. Pectoralis major - lower fibers 

2. Latissimus dorsi  

3. Teres major  

4. Subscapularis  

5. Coracobrachialis 

External Rotation  

1. Infraspinatus  

2. Teres minor  

3. Posterior deltoid