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Feminism

A belief system that opposes the subjugation of women and seeks to address systems of oppression that limit women's rights and opportunities.

Imperialism

The practice of domination and control over a nation or territory by a foreign power, often for economic, political, or strategic gain.

Western Imperialism

A form of imperialism carried out by European and later Western powers, involving the domination of non-Western regions through political, economic, or military means.

Orientalism

Western perception of Eastern societies, often stereotyping them as irrational and in need of Western intervention.

Colonialism

A direct form of imperialism where a foreign power establishes control over a territory, often involving settlement and exploitation of resources.

Zainab al-Ghazali

An advocate for women's rights within Islam and a mobilizer for political and social change who promoted empowerment through traditional interpretations of Islam.

Kemalism

Political, economic, and cultural reforms introduced by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, focusing on secularism, nationalism, and modernization.

The Cold War

A geopolitical conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union (1947–1991) involving ideological clashes between capitalism and communism.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

The founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey (1923–1938), known for transforming Turkey into a secular, modern state.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Leader of the Iranian Revolution (1979) who ended the monarchy in Iran and established a theocratic state.

Umayyads

The first major Islamic caliphate after the Rashidun Caliphate (661–750 CE), known for territorial expansion and administrative innovations.

Abbasids

The dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads (750–1258 CE) and is known for fostering a Golden Age of Islamic culture, science, and learning.

Ottomans

A major empire (1299–1922 CE) known for its military prowess, cultural achievements, and lasting legacy in the Middle East and Europe.

Safavids

Dynasty that established Shi'a Islam as the dominant religion in Iran (1501–1736 CE), shaping the region's religious and political identity.

Mughals

A Muslim empire in the Indian subcontinent (1526–1857 CE) known for cultural syncretism and monumental architecture like the Taj Mahal.