Lecture 12 Leadership in Dynamic Era

Leader

Someone who can influence others and who has managerial authority.

Leadership

The process of leading a group and influencing that group to achieve its goals.

Trait Theories of Leadership

Theories that isolate characteristics (traits) that differentiate leaders from nonleaders.

Leadership Traits

Drive

Desire to lead

Honestly and integrity

Self-confidence

Intelligence

Job-relevant knowledge

Extraversion

Proneness to Guilt

Behavioral Theories of Leadership

Theories that isolate behaviors that differentiate effective leaders from ineffective leaders.

Democratic style

Involving subordinates, delegating authority, and encouraging participation.

Autocratic style

Dictating work methods, centralizing decision making, and limiting participation.

Laissez-faire style

Giving group freedom to make decisions and complete work.

Consideration

Being considerate of followers’ ideas and feelings.

Initiating structure

Structuring work and work relationships to meet job goals.

Employee oriented

Emphasized interpersonal relationships and taking care of employees’ needs.

Production oriented

Emphasized technical or task aspects of job.

Fiedler Contingency Model

A leadership theory proposing that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leader’s style and the degree of influence the situation allows.

Least-preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire

A questionnaire that measures whether a leader was task or relationship oriented.

Situational Leadership Theory

A leadership contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness.

Three Contingency Dimensions

Leader-member relations

Task structure

Position power

Leader-member relations

The degree of confidence, trust, and respect employees had for their leader; rated as either good or poor.

Task structure

The degree to which job assignments were formalized and structured; rated as either high or low.

Position power

The degree of influence a leader had over activities such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases; rated as either strong or weak.

Situational Leadership

A leadership contingency theory that focuses on followers’ readiness.

Readiness

The extent to which people have the ability and willingness to accomplish a specific task.

Leadership Styles

Telling (high task–low relationship)

Selling (high task–high relationship)

Participating (low task–high relationship)

Delegating (low task–low relationship)

Telling (high task–low relationship)

The leader defines roles and tells people what, how, when, and where to do various tasks.

Selling (high task–high relationship)

The leader provides both directive and supportive behavior.

Participating (low task–high relationship)

The leader and followers share in decision making; the main role of the leader is facilitating and communicating.

Delegating (low task–low relationship)

The leader provides little direction or support.

Leader-Participation Model

A leadership contingency theory that is based on a sequential set of rules for determining how much participation a leader uses in decision making according to different types of situations.

Path-Goal Theory

A leadership theory that says the leader’s job is to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide direction or support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the organization’s or group’s goals.

Four leadership behaviors

Directive leader

Supportive leader

Participative leader

Achievement-oriented leader

Contemporary Views of Leadership

Leader-member Exchange Theory

Transactional Leaders Vs Transformational Leaders

Charismatic Leaders Vs Visionary Leaders

Leaders and Teams

Leader-Member Exchange Theory

A leadership theory that says leaders create in-groups and out-groups and those in the in-group will have higher performance ratings, less turnover, and greater job satisfaction.

Transactional Leaders

Lead primarily by using social exchanges (or transactions).

Transformational Leaders

Stimulate and inspire (transform) followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes.

Transactional Leaders

Leaders who lead primarily by using social exchanges or transactions.

Transformational Leaders

Leaders who stimulate and inspire followers to achieve extraordinary outcomes.

Charismatic leaders

Enthusiastic, self-confident leaders whose personalities and actions influence people to behave in certain ways.

Visionary leadership

The ability to create and articulate a realistic, credible, and attractive vision of the future that improves on the present situation.

Effective Team Leadership Roles

Coaches

Liaisons with external constituents

Conflict managers

Troubleshooters

Contemporary Issues in Leadership

Employee Empowerment

National Culture

Emotional Intelligence

Toxic Bosses

Employee Empowerment

Managers are increasingly leading by not leading; that is, by empowering their employees.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The best predictor of who will emerge as a leader, comprising self-awareness, self-management, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills.

Credibility

The degree to which followers perceive someone as honest, competent, and able to inspire.

Trust

The belief in the integrity, character, and ability of a leader.

Five dimensions of trust

Integrity

Competence

Consistency

Loyalty

Openness

Building Trust in Leadership

Practice openness

Be fair

Speak your feelings

Tell the truth

Be consistent

Fulfill your promises

Maintain confidences

Demonstrate confidence