Grade 10 Science Review: Human Body Systems, Acids, Bases & Salts, and Cell Biology

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Grade 10 Science review topics: the 11 human body systems, properties and reactions of acids, bases, and salts, and plant versus animal cell organelles.

Endocrine System

The body system responsible for the regulation of body processes through hormone production.

Respiratory System

The body system responsible for gas exchange between the internal and external environment; one of the five systems commonly tested in Grade 10 examinations.

Digestive System

The body system responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food to allow absorption of nutrients; one of the five systems commonly tested in Grade 10 examinations.

Reproductive System

The body system responsible for the production of reproductive cells that will generate offspring; one of the five systems commonly tested in Grade 10 examinations.

Integumentary System

The body system responsible for protection against the external environment and regulation of temperature.

Muscular System

The body system responsible for voluntary and involuntary movement.

Nervous System

The processing center for sensory input, using the input to elicit appropriate responses.

Cardiovascular System

The body system (also known as the circulatory system) responsible for the circulation of blood, which transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes; one of the five systems commonly tested in Grade 10 examinations.

Lymphatic System

The body system responsible for the circulation of lymph, which maintains fluid balance and helps fight infection.

Urinary System

The body system responsible for filtration of blood and excretion of wastes from the body; one of the five systems commonly tested in Grade 10 examinations.

Skeletal System

The body system responsible for the support and protection of many internal organs.

Human Body Systems Diagram

A schematic diagram displaying the 11 main organ systems that keep the body functioning.

Acid

A substance that produces hydrogen ions ($H^+$) when dissolved in water, such as hydrochloric acid ($HCl$).

Base

A substance that produces hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) when dissolved in water, such as sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$).

Hydrogen Ion ($H^+$)

The positive ion produced when an acid ionizes in water.

Hydroxide Ion ($OH^-$)

The negative ion produced when a base ionizes in water.

Neutral Solution

A solution that has a $pH$ equal to $7$, such as pure water.

Acidic Solution

A solution that has a $pH$ less than $7$, such as milk ($pH \text{ around } 6.5$).

Basic Solution

A solution that has a $pH$ range of $8$ to $14$ (greater than $7$).

Methyl Orange

An indicator that turns red in an aqueous solution of an acid and yellow in a base.

Phenolphthalein

An indicator that is colourless in acids and turns pink in an aqueous solution of a base.

Neutralization Reaction

A reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water ($\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water}$).

Salt

A compound formed by the reaction of an acid with a base, such as sodium chloride ($NaCl$).

Acid-Metal Reaction

A reaction in which metals displace hydrogen from acids, releasing hydrogen gas ($H_2$).

Strong Acid

An acid that ionizes completely in water, such as hydrochloric acid ($HCl$).

Weak Base

A base that ionizes partially in water, such as ammonium hydroxide ($NH_4OH$).

Ant Sting Treatment

The application of a baking soda solution (a base) to neutralize formic acid contained in an ant sting and give relief.

Tooth Decay Cause

Damage to tooth enamel caused by acids produced from sugars by bacteria in the mouth.

Plaster of Paris

The chemical compound calcium sulphate hemihydrate, with the formula $CaSO_4 \times \frac{1}{2}H_2O$.

Milk of Magnesia

An antacid containing magnesium hydroxide ($Mg(OH)_2$), a base that neutralizes excess stomach acid.

Ammonia ($NH_3$)

A chemical compound that acts as a base rather than an acid.

Acids, Bases & Salts Infographic

A reference visual summarizing multiple-choice questions, chemical properties, indicator colors, and the pH scale.

Cell

The basic unit of life.

Plant Cell Organelles

Organelles found specifically in plant cells and not in animal cells, including the cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole.

Chloroplast

The organelle in plant cells where the process of photosynthesis takes place.

Mitochondrion

The organelle present in cells where cellular respiration takes place.

Plant and Animal Cells Diagram

A Venn diagram showing organelles shared by plant and animal cells (nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes) and those unique to each type.