biochem lab 2

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

produced microscope in the 1590s

Cell

tiny compartments that resemble rooms of monks

Richard Zsigmondy

developed the ultramicroscope

microscope

scientific instrument that magnifies objects

simple microscope

1 lens; ocular lens

compound microscope

2 lenses; ocular lens and objective lens

eyepiece

used to look through

body tube or lens tube

holds and connects to the eyepiece

arm

connects the base to the head

Revolving nosepiece

holds the lenses

Objective lens

major lens of the microscope

Low power objective lens

4x–10x

Medium power objective lens

10x–20x

High power objective lens

40x–100x

Stage

holds the specimen for viewing

Stage clip

holds specimen slides in place

diaphragm

controls the amount of light

coarse adjustment

focuses images under scanner and low power objective

fine adjustment

focuses images under high power and oil immersion objectives

Light source

provides light

Base

supports the microscope

Alcohol lamp

produces flame for heating and burning

Aspirator

draws liquid through a pipette by suction

Beaker

container for experiments; low thermal expansion; easy to clean

Buret

measures accurate volumes of liquid

Buret holder/clamp

holds burets on an iron stand

Buret brush

stiff bristle brush used to clean burets

Crucible

container for high-temperature materials

crucible tongs

allows user to grasp hot crucibles

dropper

transfers small, indefinite amounts of liquid

Erlenmeyer flask

allows swirling and heating of liquids

Evaporating dish

separates mixtures by evaporating liquid components

Filter paper

separates fine solid particles from liquids or gases

Florence flask

round body with a flat bottom

funnel

supports filter paper

graduated cylinder

measures liquid volume (not highly accurate)

Iron clamp/utility clamp

supports test tubes

Mortar and pestle

pulverizes solids into finer textures

Pipette

dispenses a single, specific volume of liquid

Reagent bottle

stores solid or liquid chemicals

Spatula

scrapes or transfers powders or pastes

Stirring rod

used for stirring or mixing solutions

Stopper or bung

seals or plugs a container

Test tube

heat- and chemical-resistant glass container

Test tube brush

used to clean test tubes

Test tube rack

holds multiple test tubes

Test tube holder

safely holds test tubes

Thermometer

measures temperature

Tweezers

grabs small objects

Volumetric flask

used to prepare precise liquid volumes

Wash bottle

rinses glassware or adds solvent by squeezing

Watch glass

cover for beakers

Wire gauze

distributes heat evenly

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

observed the first living cells

Robert Hooke

discovered the cell

Robert Brown

discovered the nucleus

Felix Dujardin

discovered the cell’s liquid content

Matthias Schleiden

proposed all plants are made of cells

J. E. Purkinje

introduced the term protoplasm

Carl Heinrich Braun

proposed cell is the basic unit of life

Theodor Schwann

proposed all animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

proposed all cells arise from pre-existing cells

Unicellular organism

one cell

Multicellular organism

more than one cell

Smallest cell

mycoplasma

Largest cell

ostrich egg

Smallest human cell

sperm cell

Largest human cell

ovum

Longest human cell

nerve cell

Human RBC

circular and biconcave

Nerve cells

branched to conduct impulses

Plasma membrane

delicate, thin, elastic, living, semi-permeable membrane

Cell wall

non-living, outermost covering of a cell

Nucleus

located near the center of the cell

Nucleoplasm

present inside the nucleus

Chromosomes

contain stretches of DNA called genes

Genes

transfer hereditary information between generations

Cytoplasm

jelly-like material

Endoplasmic reticulum

network of tubular, interconnected structures

Rough ER

synthesizes secretory proteins

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids

Cisternae

usually flattened sacs

lysosome

small, spherical, single-membrane sac

Vacuole

single-membrane sac with liquid or sap (water, sugar, ions)

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

Plastids

double-membrane organelles in plants and some algae

Codons

4 letters of DNA that make genetic code

Monosaccharides

simplest carbohydrates

Heparin

acts as anticoagulant

Genes

made from DNA

S phase

DNA replication stage

General test

general term