AP CSP Exam All Units 2024

Assignment: a ← 5

Evaluates expression and then assigns a copy of the result to the variable a.

DISPLAY(expression)

Displays the value of expression, followed by a space.

INPUT ( )

Accepts a value from the user and returns the input value.

Arithmetic Operators

Symbols (+, -, *, /) used to perform arithmetic on a and b.

a MOD b

Evaluates to the remainder when a is divided by b. Looks like this in Python 3%5

RANDOM(a, b)

Generates and returns a random integer from a to b, including a and b.

Relational Operators

Symbols (=, ≠, >, <, ≥, ≤) used to test the relationship between two variables or values.

NOT condition

Evaluates to true if condition is false; otherwise evaluates to false.

condition1 AND condition2

Evaluates to true if both condition1 and condition2 are true; otherwise evaluates to false.

condition1 OR condition2

Evaluates to true if condition1 is true or if condition2 is true or if both condition1 and condition2 are true; otherwise evaluates to false.

List Operations

Various operations (e.g., INSERT, APPEND, REMOVE) that can be performed on lists.

aList ← [value1, value2, value3, ...]

Creates a new list that contains the values value1, value2,

value3, and ... at indices 1, 2, 3, and ...

respectively and assigns it to aList.

aList[i]

Accesses the element of aList at index i.

x ← aList[i]

Assigns the value of aList[i] to the variable x.

Procedures

Defines a named block of code that can be called and executed. In python we called this a function.

Robot

Describes the movement and sensing capabilities of a robot, including MOVE_FORWARD, ROTATE_LEFT, ROTATE_RIGHT, and CAN_MOVE.

REPEAT UNTIL(condition)

Repeats commands until the Boolean expression condition is true.

aList ← [ ]

Empty list

aList ← bList

Assigns a copy of the list bList to the list aList.

For example, if bList contains [20, 40, 60],

then aList will also contain [20, 40, 60] after the

assignment.

aList[i] ← x

Assigns the value of x to aList[i].

aList[i] ← aList[j]

Assigns the value of aList[j] to aList[i].

INSERT(aList, i, value)

Any values in aList at indices greater than or equal to i are

shifted one position to the right. The length of the list is increased by

1, and value is placed at index i in aList.

APPEND(aList, value)

The length of aList is increased by 1, and value is placed at

the end of aList.

REMOVE(aList, i)

Removes the item at index i in aList and shifts to the left

any values at indices greater than i. The length of aList is

decreased by 1.

LENGTH(aList)

Evaluates to the number of elements in aList.

FOR EACH item IN aList

The variable item is assigned the value of each element of

aList sequentially, in order, from the first element to the last

element. The code in block of statements is executed

once for each assignment of item.

PROCEDURE procName(parameter1, parameter2, ...)

Defines procName as a procedure that takes zero or more

arguments. The procedure contains block of statements.

The procedure procName can be called using the following

notation, where arg1 is assigned to parameter1, arg2 is

assigned to parameter2, etc.:

procName(arg1, arg2, ...)

RETURN(expression)

Returns the flow of control to the point where the procedure was

called and returns the value of expression.

RETURN(expression)

Defines procName as a procedure and Returns the flow of control to the point where the procedure was

called and returns the value of expression.

MOVE_FORWARD()

The robot moves one square forward in the direction it is facing.

ROTATE_LEFT()

The robot rotates in place 90 degrees counterclockwise (i.e., makes an in-place left turn).

ROTATE_RIGHT()

The robot rotates in place 90 degrees clockwise (i.e., makes an in-place right turn).

CAN_MOVE(direction)

Evaluates to true if there is an open square one square in the

direction relative to where the robot is facing; otherwise evaluates to false. The value of direction can be left, right,

forward, or backward.

"BOB" and "34"

These are examples of strings since the have quotations around them

CONCAT("Dog", "House")

This creates the string "DogHouse" and is an example of concatenation. Remember there is NO space added to the new string.

SLICE("Samuel", 1, 3)

This creates the string "Sam". Remember that in pseudo code the computer starts counting at 1.

LOWER("Abc")

Creates "abc" shifting all the letters to lowercase

UPPER("Abc")

Creates "ABC" shifting all the letters to uppercase

REPLACE("abab", "b", "c")

Creates "acac" replacing all the b with c

SUBSTRING("03/31/1984", 7, 10)

Creates "1984" this is very similar to the SLICE command

TRIM(" acb efg ")

Creates "acb efg" by deleting white space at the beginning and end of the string BUT NOT the middle.

Internet

a global network of computing devices communicating with each other in some way, whether they're sending emails, downloading files, or sharing websites.

open network

any computing device can join the internet as long as they follow the rules of the game.

Wired and Wireless Connections

Physical connections between devices, plus protocols for converting electromagnetic signals into binary data.

IP

A protocol that uniquely identify devices using IP addresses and provides a routing strategy to send data to a destination IP address.

Protocol

A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices on the internet

TCP/UDP

Protocols that can transport packets of data from one device to another and check for errors along the way.

TLS

A secure protocol for sending encrypted data so that attackers can't view private information.

HTTP & DNS

The protocols powering the World Wide Web, what the browser uses every time you load a webpage.

Computer Network

This is any group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

Computer Device

This isn't just a computer—it's any device that can run a program, such as a tablet, phone, Google Home, Alexa or smart sensor.

Local Area Network (LAN)

Connects a group of computers in close proximity, such as in an office building, school, or home

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Spans a large geographic area such as a state, province, or country

Data Center Network (DCN)

a network used in data centers where data must be exchanged with very quickly

Ethernet Cable

cable that connects computers to the LAN that allows the computers to communicate with each other and other peripherals. Uses electricity.

fiber-optic cable

A cable that transmits data at close to the speed of light along glass or plastic fibers.

wireless connection

Uses radio signals to connect computers to wireless routers.

Line Coding

the process of converting digital data to digital signals to send through internet connections

Bitrate

the number of bits per second that can be transmitted along a digital network.

Latency

Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver along the internet.

Internet Speed

combination of bandwidth and latency

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can pass from one point to another in a unit of time

IPv4

The Internet Protocol version 4 is the dominant protocol for routing traffic on the Internet, specifying "to" and "from" addresses using a dotted decimal such as "122.45.255.0".

IPv6

The Internet Protocol version 6 provides a large number of new addresses to route Internet traffic, using "from" and "to" addresses written as colon-hexadecimal notation, such as "fe80::42:acff:feaa:1bf0".

IPv4 numbers range from....

0-255 and have 4 sets of numbers (123.34.5.67)

IPv6 numbers range from...

0-f and have 8 sets of numbers (2001:0db8:000f:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334)

IP Address Hierarchy

IP Addresses are organized into Country/Network

Region/Network, Subnetwork, Device just like telephone numbers

IP Packet

a fixed amount of information packaged together with an IP address and other data for sending information over the internet

Internet Protocols

a set of rules which govern the way in which data is transmitted between computers on a network.

redundancy

the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.

fault tolerance

the ability for a system to respond to unexpected failures or system crashes as the backup system immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service

World Wide Web (WWW)

A PART of the internet that provides information through documents including text, graphics, audio, and video files that use a special formatting language called HTML

DNS (Domain Name System)

The Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses.

Internet Scalability

the ability of the net to keep working even as the size of the network and the amount of traffic over the network increase.

Digital Divide

the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.

single point of failure

A connection within a network that can cause the entire system to fail if the connection fails.

Computer Simulation

Based on computer models, gives users experience of events such as flying a plane.

Benefits of Computer Simulation

Cheaper and Faster than testing in real life

Drawback of Computer Simulation

Can never be 100% accurate

How is a simulation abstraction?

It simplifies a real world scenario so it can be modeled on a computer.

Echo Chamber

The idea that people pay attention to media that conforms to their ideological view to the exclusion of media that offer alternative perspectives.

Crowdsourcing

the dynamic social media process of employing users to participate in product design or product redesign

Crowdfunding

the practice of funding a project or venture by raising many small amounts of money from a large number of people, typically via the Internet.

Human Computation

Using human cognition to provide computational data via techniques such as crowdsourcing.

Citizen Scientist

A volunteer who records observations and contributes the data to a scientific study

Open Innovation Platforms

an electronic platform where people from different companies and independent contractors work collaboratively with internal research and development staff to innovate new ideas

IoT

Internet of things. The network of physical devices connected to the Internet. It typically refers to smart devices with an IP address, such as wearable technology and home automation systems.

IoT Sensors

gathers information on the machine and puts it on the internet; examples include detectors for temperature, motion, gas, position, etc

Personal Identifiable Information (PII)

A piece of data that can be used either by itself or in combination with some other pieces of data to identify a single person

Direct PII

PII directly identifies an individual

Indirect or Linkable PII

data that can be combined from separate sources to identify individuals

Web Cookies

a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in a user's web browser while the user is browsing that website.

third-party cookies

cookies put on a computer by those other than the website being visited, such as advertisers inserting their own cookies on a web page

search history

A list of queries entered into a search engine and also stored by the search engine.

browser history

A list of websites an individual has visited recently. This includes any data associated with the website and how long the user was on the website.

geolocation

The identification of the location of a person or object using technology like GPS, Cell Towers, Wifi, or IP addresses

phising attack

Emails designed to trick users into sharing private information.

spear phising attack

A type of phishing attack that targets specific people in an organization, using information gathered from previous reconnaissance and footprinting; the goal is to trick recipients into clicking a link or opening an attachment that installs malware.

rogue access point

A wireless access point that provides an attacker with unauthorized access to the traffic going over the network.

Malware (Malicious Software)

consists of programs that act without a user's knowledge and deliberately alter the operations of computers and mobile devices