CARE FOR CLIENT WITH OXYGENATION PROBLEM

Flashcards for review of Oxygenation Problems lecture notes.

Nasal Cavity

Passageway for air, lined with mucous membrane to produce mucus and filter debris, highly vascular to warm air, receives draining mucus from sinuses, lined with olfactory nerves.

Functions of Nasal Cavity

Filter air, humidify/warms air, aid in phonation, olfaction.

Sinuses

Four paired bony cavities, lined with mucous membrane and ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Functions of Sinuses

Lightens the skull, resonate speech, trap/ drain debris.

Pharynx

A funnel- shaped musculo-membranous tube composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Functions of Pharynx

Passageway for food/ air, protects lower airways.

Larynx

Hollow organ wherein phonation is produced.

Larynx

Composed of cartilage and membranes, connecting pharynx to the trachea, contains vocal cord.

Functions of Larynx

Protects lower airway, vocalization – produced sound, facilitates coughing

Trachea

A cartilaginous tube of 12-15 cm, composed of 16-20 C-shaped rings of cartilages, lined with mucus and cilia, located anteriorly to the esophagus.

Function of Trachea

Passageway between the larynx and bronchi.

Function of Bronchus

Air passage

Bronchioles

Main bronchi subdivide into secondary (lobar) bronchi, right middle lobe bronchus are smaller in diameter and length, bronchi further subdivide in tertiary (segmental) bronchi then to smaller and smaller terminal bronchioles (last part of the conducting airway).

Function of Respiratory Acinus

Gas exchange through respiratory membrane.

Type 1 Pneumocyte

Most of abundant, thin and flat, where gas exchange occur.

Type 2 Pneumocyte

Secretes lung surfactant (surface tension).

Type 3 Pneumocyte

Macrophages (cells that helps in engulfing foreign materials).

Pulmonary Ventilation

The act of breathing, the exchange of air between lungs and the environment.

Tidal Volume (TV)

Air that goes in and out in a normal breathing (500 ml).

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly (3,000 ml).

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forced out (1,100 ml).

Residual Volume (RV)

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forced expiration (1,200 ml).

Vital Capacity (VC)

Sum of TV+ IRV+ ERV (4600).

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Sum of TV+ IRV (3500).

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Sum of ERV + RV

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Sum TV+ IRV+ ERV+ RV

Neurologic Control of the Respiratory System

Respiratory Centers in the Medulla Oblongata and Pons; Chemoreceptors on medulla, carotid, and aortic bodies.

Wheezing

High pitched sound during expiration.

Stridor

High pitched sound during inspiration and expiration.

Arterial Blood Gas

To assess ventilation and acid-base balance.

Pulse Oximetry

Assess oxygen saturation in blood.

Chest X-ray

To identify abnormalities in chest structure and lung tissue.

Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

Use when x-ray do not show some areas well; helps to differentiate pathologic conditions; like x-ray but has specificity in result.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)

Use to identify lung nodules. Has 25% lower radiation as compared to CT.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Use when CT do not show tissue alterations well.

Pulmonary Angiography

Done to identify tumors, pulmonary emboli, aneurysm and vascular changes and pulmonary circulation

Bronchoscopy

Direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchia with bronchoscope.

Lung Biopsy

Done to obtain tissue to differentiate tumors of the lungs.

Thoracentesis

Aspiration of fluid or air in the pleural space.

Huff Coughing

Lean forward, and exhale sharply with a “huff” sound to keep airways open while moving secretions up and out of the lungs.

Peak Flow Meter

A simple method of measuring the degree of airway obstruction and helps to detect and monitor moderate to severe respiratory disease; way to diagnose bronchial asthma and to determine the severity of asthma.

Chest Physiotherapy

Percussion (back clapping), Vibration (side lying, trendelenburg), Postural Drainage- gravity aids in moving out of secretions.

Incentive Spirometer

Done to enhance deep inhalation. As the client inhales indicators (balls/ light) goes up which signifies good lung expansion.

Closed Chest Drainage (Thoracotomy Tube)

To remove air and/ or fluids from the pleural space; to reestablish negative pressure and re- expand the lungs.

Rhinusinusitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of one or more the sinuses.

Tonsilitis and Pharyngitis

Is inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx.

Epiglottitis

Inflammation of epiglottis (closes you airway when you are swallowing).

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx.

Laryngeal Cancer

Repeated laryngitis.

Pneumonia

Is the inflammation of the lung parenchyma.

Tuberculosis

A chronic, recurrent infectious disease that usually affects the lungs, although any organ can be affected.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Characterized by non-cardiac pulmonary edema and progressive refractory hypoxemia.

Mechanical Ventilation

Is a positive- or negative-pressure breathing device that can maintain ventilation and oxygen delivery for a long period.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by a thrombus, that originates somewhere in the right side of the heart.

Pulmonary Hypertension

Is an abnormal elevation of the pulmonary arterial pressure.

Thoracic Injury

Usually caused by motor vehicle crashes (MVC) or falls.

Pleural Effusion

Collection of excess fluids in the pleural space.

Pneumothorax

The accumulation of air in pleural space.

Acute Respiratory Failure

A condition wherein the lungs are unable to oxygenate the blood and remove CO2 adequate to meet the body’s needs, even at rest.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Fever greater than 38oC, coughing, DOB, incubation period of 2-7 days.

Lung Cancer

Develops as damaged bronchial epithelial cells mutate over time to become neoplastic.

Asthma

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing.

Status Asthmaticus

Is severe persistent asthma that does not respond to conventional therapy (do not respond in bronchodilators); attacks last longer than 24 hours.

Chronic Bronchitis

Is a disorder of excessive bronchial mucus secretion characterized by a productive cough lasting 3 or more months in 2 consecutive years

Emphysema

Is characterized by destruction of the alveolar walls, with resulting enlargement of abnormal air space.

Cystic Fibrosis

An autosomal recessive disorder (both parents should have) that affects the epithelial cells of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts and leads to abnormal exocrine gland secretions.